요약·해설과 원문, 전문 번역을 서로 분리했습니다. API 이름, symbol, source path는 원문 표기를 사용합니다.
1. 요약·해설
원문의 핵심 논리와 kernel programming 관점의 보충 설명입니다. 아래의 전문 번역과는 별도로 작성했습니다.
2. 영어 원문 전체
번역 기준이 된 Linux v6.18.37 원문입니다. 줄 번호는 이 버전의 파일 좌표입니다.
원문 전체 펼치기
1
Kernel driver coretemp
2
======================
4
Supported chips:
5
* All Intel Core family
7
Prefix: 'coretemp'
9
CPUID: family 0x6, models
11
- 0xe (Pentium M DC), 0xf (Core 2 DC 65nm),
12
- 0x16 (Core 2 SC 65nm), 0x17 (Penryn 45nm),
13
- 0x1a (Nehalem), 0x1c (Atom), 0x1e (Lynnfield),
14
- 0x26 (Tunnel Creek Atom), 0x27 (Medfield Atom),
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- 0x36 (Cedar Trail Atom)
17
Datasheet:
19
Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual
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Volume 3A: System Programming Guide
22
http://softwarecommunity.intel.com/Wiki/Mobility/720.htm
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Author: Rudolf Marek
26
Description
27
-----------
29
This driver permits reading the DTS (Digital Temperature Sensor) embedded
30
inside Intel CPUs. This driver can read both the per-core and per-package
31
temperature using the appropriate sensors. The per-package sensor is new;
32
as of now, it is present only in the SandyBridge platform. The driver will
33
show the temperature of all cores inside a package under a single device
34
directory inside hwmon.
36
Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius and measurement resolution is
37
1 degree C. Valid temperatures are from 0 to TjMax degrees C, because
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the actual value of temperature register is in fact a delta from TjMax.
40
Temperature known as TjMax is the maximum junction temperature of processor,
41
which depends on the CPU model. See table below. At this temperature, protection
42
mechanism will perform actions to forcibly cool down the processor. Alarm
43
may be raised, if the temperature grows enough (more than TjMax) to trigger
44
the Out-Of-Spec bit. Following table summarizes the exported sysfs files:
46
All Sysfs entries are named with their core_id (represented here by 'X').
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================= ========================================================
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tempX_input Core temperature (in millidegrees Celsius).
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tempX_max All cooling devices should be turned on (on Core2).
51
tempX_crit Maximum junction temperature (in millidegrees Celsius).
52
tempX_crit_alarm Set when Out-of-spec bit is set, never clears.
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Correct CPU operation is no longer guaranteed.
54
tempX_label Contains string "Core X", where X is processor
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number. For Package temp, this will be "Physical id Y",
56
where Y is the package number.
57
================= ========================================================
59
On CPU models which support it, TjMax is read from a model-specific register.
60
On other models, it is set to an arbitrary value based on weak heuristics.
61
If these heuristics don't work for you, you can pass the correct TjMax value
62
as a module parameter (tjmax).
64
Appendix A. Known TjMax lists (TBD):
65
Some information comes from ark.intel.com
67
=============== =============================================== ================
68
Process Processor TjMax(C)
70
22nm Core i5/i7 Processors
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i7 3920XM, 3820QM, 3720QM, 3667U, 3520M 105
72
i5 3427U, 3360M/3320M 105
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i7 3770/3770K 105
74
i5 3570/3570K, 3550, 3470/3450 105
75
i7 3770S 103
76
i5 3570S/3550S, 3475S/3470S/3450S 103
77
i7 3770T 94
78
i5 3570T 94
79
i5 3470T 91
81
32nm Core i3/i5/i7 Processors
82
i7 2600 98
83
i7 660UM/640/620, 640LM/620, 620M, 610E 105
84
i5 540UM/520/430, 540M/520/450/430 105
85
i3 330E, 370M/350/330 90 rPGA, 105 BGA
86
i3 330UM 105
88
32nm Core i7 Extreme Processors
89
980X 100
91
32nm Celeron Processors
92
U3400 105
93
P4505/P4500 90
95
32nm Atom Processors
96
S1260/1220 95
97
S1240 102
98
Z2460 90
99
Z2760 90
100
D2700/2550/2500 100
101
N2850/2800/2650/2600 100
103
45nm Xeon Processors 5400 Quad-Core
104
X5492, X5482, X5472, X5470, X5460, X5450 85
105
E5472, E5462, E5450/40/30/20/10/05 85
106
L5408 95
107
L5430, L5420, L5410 70
109
45nm Xeon Processors 5200 Dual-Core
110
X5282, X5272, X5270, X5260 90
111
E5240 90
112
E5205, E5220 70, 90
113
L5240 70
114
L5238, L5215 95
116
45nm Atom Processors
117
D525/510/425/410 100
118
K525/510/425/410 100
119
Z670/650 90
120
Z560/550/540/530P/530/520PT/520/515/510PT/510P 90
121
Z510/500 90
122
N570/550 100
123
N475/470/455/450 100
124
N280/270 90
125
330/230 125
126
E680/660/640/620 90
127
E680T/660T/640T/620T 110
128
E665C/645C 90
129
E665CT/645CT 110
130
CE4170/4150/4110 110
131
CE4200 series unknown
132
CE5300 series unknown
134
45nm Core2 Processors
135
Solo ULV SU3500/3300 100
136
T9900/9800/9600/9550/9500/9400/9300/8300/8100 105
137
T6670/6500/6400 105
138
T6600 90
139
SU9600/9400/9300 105
140
SP9600/9400 105
141
SL9600/9400/9380/9300 105
142
P9700/9600/9500/8800/8700/8600/8400/7570 105
143
P7550/7450 90
145
45nm Core2 Quad Processors
146
Q9100/9000 100
148
45nm Core2 Extreme Processors
149
X9100/9000 105
150
QX9300 100
152
45nm Core i3/i5/i7 Processors
153
i7 940XM/920 100
154
i7 840QM/820/740/720 100
156
45nm Celeron Processors
157
SU2300 100
158
900 105
160
65nm Core2 Duo Processors
161
Solo U2200, U2100 100
162
U7700/7600/7500 100
163
T7800/7700/7600/7500/7400/7300/7250/7200/7100 100
164
T5870/5670/5600/5550/5500/5470/5450/5300/5270 100
165
T5250 100
166
T5800/5750/5200 85
167
L7700/7500/7400/7300/7200 100
169
65nm Core2 Extreme Processors
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X7900/7800 100
172
65nm Core Duo Processors
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U2500/2400 100
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T2700/2600/2450/2400/2350/2300E/2300/2250/2050 100
175
L2500/2400/2300 100
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65nm Core Solo Processors
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U1500/1400/1300 100
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T1400/1350/1300/1250 100
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65nm Xeon Processors 5000 Quad-Core
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X5000 90-95
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E5000 80
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L5000 70
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L5318 95
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65nm Xeon Processors 5000 Dual-Core
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5080, 5063, 5060, 5050, 5030 80-90
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5160, 5150, 5148, 5140, 5130, 5120, 5110 80
190
L5138 100
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65nm Celeron Processors
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T1700/1600 100
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560/550/540/530 100
195
=============== =============================================== ================
3. 한국어 전문 번역
영어 원문의 문단 순서와 의미를 유지한 전체 번역입니다. 코드, 함수명, symbol과 URL은 원문 표기를 유지합니다.
Intel DTS, TjMax와 sysfs
1-63이 driver는 Intel Core family 전체를 prefix `coretemp`로 지원합니다. CPUID family는 `0x6`이고 알려진 model은 `0xe` Pentium M DC, `0xf` Core 2 DC 65nm, `0x16` Core 2 SC 65nm, `0x17` Penryn 45nm, `0x1a` Nehalem, `0x1c` Atom, `0x1e` Lynnfield, `0x26` Tunnel Creek Atom, `0x27` Medfield Atom, `0x36` Cedar Trail Atom입니다. 자료는 Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 3A이며 저자는 Rudolf Marek입니다.
Driver는 Intel CPU 내부의 DTS, 즉 Digital Temperature Sensor를 읽습니다. 적절한 sensor를 사용해 core별 temperature와 package별 temperature를 모두 읽습니다. Package sensor는 당시 새 기능으로 SandyBridge platform에만 있었으며, 한 package의 모든 core temperature를 hwmon의 단일 device directory 아래에 표시합니다.
Temperature는 Celsius로 측정하며 resolution은 1 degree C입니다. Register 값은 실제로 TjMax에서의 delta이므로 유효 temperature 범위는 0부터 TjMax까지입니다.
TjMax는 CPU model별 maximum junction temperature입니다. 이 온도에서 protection mechanism이 processor를 강제로 cooling합니다. Temperature가 TjMax를 넘어 Out-Of-Spec bit를 trigger할 만큼 상승하면 alarm이 발생할 수 있습니다.
모든 sysfs entry 이름에는 `core_id`가 들어가며 여기서는 X로 나타냅니다. `tempX_input`은 core temperature를 millidegrees Celsius로, `tempX_max`는 Core2에서 모든 cooling device를 켜야 하는 온도로, `tempX_crit`은 maximum junction temperature를 같은 단위로 제공합니다.
`tempX_crit_alarm`은 Out-of-spec bit가 set되면 1이 되고 절대 clear되지 않습니다. 이때 올바른 CPU 동작은 더 이상 보장되지 않습니다. `tempX_label`은 core sensor에서 `Core X`, package sensor에서 package number Y를 사용한 `Physical id Y`입니다.
지원 CPU에서는 model-specific register에서 TjMax를 읽습니다. 다른 model에서는 약한 heuristic으로 임의 값을 정합니다. 맞지 않으면 module parameter `tjmax`로 올바른 값을 전달할 수 있습니다.
Attribute의미
tempX_inputCore/package temperature, millidegrees Celsius
tempX_maxCore2에서 모든 cooling device를 켤 온도
tempX_critTjMax, maximum junction temperature
tempX_crit_alarmSticky Out-Of-Spec bit, CPU 동작 보장 상실
tempX_labelCore X 또는 Physical id Y
tjmaxHeuristic이 틀릴 때 module override
DTS delta를 TjMax 기준 실제 온도로 변환해 노출합니다.
CPU model과 core/package sensor 식별→MSR 또는 heuristic으로 TjMax 결정→DTS delta 읽기→TjMax에서 delta를 빼 temperature 계산→Out-Of-Spec 상태와 함께 sysfs 게시
TjMax와 register delta에서 실제 온도를 구합니다.
Kernel driver coretemp
======================
Supported chips:
* All Intel Core family
Prefix: 'coretemp'
CPUID: family 0x6, models
- 0xe (Pentium M DC), 0xf (Core 2 DC 65nm),
- 0x16 (Core 2 SC 65nm), 0x17 (Penryn 45nm),
- 0x1a (Nehalem), 0x1c (Atom), 0x1e (Lynnfield),
- 0x26 (Tunnel Creek Atom), 0x27 (Medfield Atom),
- 0x36 (Cedar Trail Atom)
Datasheet:
Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual
Volume 3A: System Programming Guide
http://softwarecommunity.intel.com/Wiki/Mobility/720.htm
Author: Rudolf Marek
Description
-----------
This driver permits reading the DTS (Digital Temperature Sensor) embedded
inside Intel CPUs. This driver can read both the per-core and per-package
temperature using the appropriate sensors. The per-package sensor is new;
as of now, it is present only in the SandyBridge platform. The driver will
show the temperature of all cores inside a package under a single device
directory inside hwmon.
Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius and measurement resolution is
1 degree C. Valid temperatures are from 0 to TjMax degrees C, because
the actual value of temperature register is in fact a delta from TjMax.
Temperature known as TjMax is the maximum junction temperature of processor,
which depends on the CPU model. See table below. At this temperature, protection
mechanism will perform actions to forcibly cool down the processor. Alarm
may be raised, if the temperature grows enough (more than TjMax) to trigger
the Out-Of-Spec bit. Following table summarizes the exported sysfs files:
All Sysfs entries are named with their core_id (represented here by 'X').
================= ========================================================
tempX_input Core temperature (in millidegrees Celsius).
tempX_max All cooling devices should be turned on (on Core2).
tempX_crit Maximum junction temperature (in millidegrees Celsius).
tempX_crit_alarm Set when Out-of-spec bit is set, never clears.
Correct CPU operation is no longer guaranteed.
tempX_label Contains string "Core X", where X is processor
number. For Package temp, this will be "Physical id Y",
where Y is the package number.
================= ========================================================
On CPU models which support it, TjMax is read from a model-specific register.
On other models, it is set to an arbitrary value based on weak heuristics.
If these heuristics don't work for you, you can pass the correct TjMax value
as a module parameter (tjmax).
22nm·32nm 알려진 TjMax
64-102Appendix A의 TjMax 목록은 미완성(TBD)이며 일부 정보는 `ark.intel.com`에서 왔습니다. 아래 값의 단위는 Celsius입니다.
22nm Core i5/i7에서는 mobile·일반 desktop의 다수가 105C, S suffix가 103C, T suffix 일부가 91~94C입니다. 32nm 제품은 package와 form factor에 따라 90~105C이고 980X는 100C입니다.
공정/제품군ProcessorTjMax(C)
22nm Core i5/i7i7 3920XM, 3820QM, 3720QM, 3667U, 3520M105
22nm Core i5/i7i5 3427U, 3360M/3320M105
22nm Core i5/i7i7 3770/3770K105
22nm Core i5/i7i5 3570/3570K, 3550, 3470/3450105
22nm Core i5/i7i7 3770S103
22nm Core i5/i7i5 3570S/3550S, 3475S/3470S/3450S103
22nm Core i5/i7i7 3770T / i5 3570T / i5 3470T94 / 94 / 91
32nm Core i3/i5/i7i7 260098
32nm Core i3/i5/i7i7 660UM/640/620, 640LM/620, 620M, 610E105
32nm Core i3/i5/i7i5 540UM/520/430, 540M/520/450/430105
32nm Core i3/i5/i7i3 330E, 370M/350/33090 rPGA, 105 BGA
32nm Core i3/i5/i7i3 330UM105
32nm Core i7 Extreme980X100
32nm CeleronU3400 / P4505/P4500105 / 90
32nm AtomS1260/1220, S1240, Z2460, Z276095, 102, 90, 90
32nm AtomD2700/2550/2500, N2850/2800/2650/2600100, 100
원문의 processor별 TjMax를 그대로 정리합니다.
Process와 processor model 확인→Known TjMax table 검색→Package variant 확인→일치하면 표의 Celsius 값 사용→없으면 MSR 또는 heuristic 사용
CPU identity에 정확한 표 항목이 있으면 heuristic보다 우선합니다.
Appendix A. Known TjMax lists (TBD):
Some information comes from ark.intel.com
=============== =============================================== ================
Process Processor TjMax(C)
22nm Core i5/i7 Processors
i7 3920XM, 3820QM, 3720QM, 3667U, 3520M 105
i5 3427U, 3360M/3320M 105
i7 3770/3770K 105
i5 3570/3570K, 3550, 3470/3450 105
i7 3770S 103
i5 3570S/3550S, 3475S/3470S/3450S 103
i7 3770T 94
i5 3570T 94
i5 3470T 91
32nm Core i3/i5/i7 Processors
i7 2600 98
i7 660UM/640/620, 640LM/620, 620M, 610E 105
i5 540UM/520/430, 540M/520/450/430 105
i3 330E, 370M/350/330 90 rPGA, 105 BGA
i3 330UM 105
32nm Core i7 Extreme Processors
980X 100
32nm Celeron Processors
U3400 105
P4505/P4500 90
32nm Atom Processors
S1260/1220 95
S1240 102
Z2460 90
Z2760 90
D2700/2550/2500 100
N2850/2800/2650/2600 100
45nm 알려진 TjMax
103-15945nm Xeon, Atom, Core2, Core i 계열의 TjMax는 제품군과 저전력 variant에 따라 70C부터 125C까지 넓게 분포합니다. `unknown`으로 표시된 CE series도 있습니다.
제품군ProcessorTjMax(C)
Xeon 5400 Quad-CoreX5492, X5482, X5472, X5470, X5460, X545085
Xeon 5400 Quad-CoreE5472, E5462, E5450/40/30/20/10/0585
Xeon 5400 Quad-CoreL5408 / L5430, L5420, L541095 / 70
Xeon 5200 Dual-CoreX5282, X5272, X5270, X5260 / E524090 / 90
Xeon 5200 Dual-CoreE5205, E5220 / L5240 / L5238, L521570,90 / 70 / 95
AtomD525/510/425/410, K525/510/425/410100
AtomZ670/650, Z560/550/540/530P/530/520PT/520/515/510PT/510P, Z510/50090
AtomN570/550 / N475/470/455/450 / N280/270100 / 100 / 90
Atom330/230125
AtomE680/660/640/620 / E680T/660T/640T/620T90 / 110
AtomE665C/645C / E665CT/645CT90 / 110
AtomCE4170/4150/4110 / CE4200 series / CE5300 series110 / unknown / unknown
Core2Solo ULV SU3500/3300100
Core2T9900/9800/9600/9550/9500/9400/9300/8300/8100105
Core2T6670/6500/6400 / T6600105 / 90
Core2SU9600/9400/9300, SP9600/9400, SL9600/9400/9380/9300105
Core2P9700/9600/9500/8800/8700/8600/8400/7570 / P7550/7450105 / 90
Core2 QuadQ9100/9000100
Core2 ExtremeX9100/9000 / QX9300105 / 100
Core i3/i5/i7i7 940XM/920, i7 840QM/820/740/720100
CeleronSU2300 / 900100 / 105
원문의 45nm processor 항목을 보존합니다.
Xeon·Atom·Core2·Core i 계열 분류→Processor model과 suffix 대조→복수 값이면 package variant 확인→Unknown이면 table 값을 강제하지 않음→결정한 TjMax로 DTS delta 변환
세부 suffix까지 일치시켜 올바른 junction limit를 고릅니다.
45nm Xeon Processors 5400 Quad-Core
X5492, X5482, X5472, X5470, X5460, X5450 85
E5472, E5462, E5450/40/30/20/10/05 85
L5408 95
L5430, L5420, L5410 70
45nm Xeon Processors 5200 Dual-Core
X5282, X5272, X5270, X5260 90
E5240 90
E5205, E5220 70, 90
L5240 70
L5238, L5215 95
45nm Atom Processors
D525/510/425/410 100
K525/510/425/410 100
Z670/650 90
Z560/550/540/530P/530/520PT/520/515/510PT/510P 90
Z510/500 90
N570/550 100
N475/470/455/450 100
N280/270 90
330/230 125
E680/660/640/620 90
E680T/660T/640T/620T 110
E665C/645C 90
E665CT/645CT 110
CE4170/4150/4110 110
CE4200 series unknown
CE5300 series unknown
45nm Core2 Processors
Solo ULV SU3500/3300 100
T9900/9800/9600/9550/9500/9400/9300/8300/8100 105
T6670/6500/6400 105
T6600 90
SU9600/9400/9300 105
SP9600/9400 105
SL9600/9400/9380/9300 105
P9700/9600/9500/8800/8700/8600/8400/7570 105
P7550/7450 90
45nm Core2 Quad Processors
Q9100/9000 100
45nm Core2 Extreme Processors
X9100/9000 105
QX9300 100
45nm Core i3/i5/i7 Processors
i7 940XM/920 100
i7 840QM/820/740/720 100
45nm Celeron Processors
SU2300 100
900 105
65nm 알려진 TjMax
160-19565nm Core2 Duo·Extreme, Core Duo·Solo, Xeon 5000, Celeron의 알려진 TjMax 목록입니다. 대부분 100C이지만 일부 Core2와 Xeon은 70~95C 범위입니다.
제품군ProcessorTjMax(C)
Core2 DuoSolo U2200, U2100100
Core2 DuoU7700/7600/7500100
Core2 DuoT7800/7700/7600/7500/7400/7300/7250/7200/7100100
Core2 DuoT5870/5670/5600/5550/5500/5470/5450/5300/5270100
Core2 DuoT5250 / T5800/5750/5200100 / 85
Core2 DuoL7700/7500/7400/7300/7200100
Core2 ExtremeX7900/7800100
Core DuoU2500/2400100
Core DuoT2700/2600/2450/2400/2350/2300E/2300/2250/2050100
Core DuoL2500/2400/2300100
Core SoloU1500/1400/1300, T1400/1350/1300/1250100
Xeon 5000 Quad-CoreX5000 / E5000 / L5000 / L531890-95 / 80 / 70 / 95
Xeon 5000 Dual-Core5080, 5063, 5060, 5050, 503080-90
Xeon 5000 Dual-Core5160, 5150, 5148, 5140, 5130, 5120, 511080
Xeon 5000 Dual-CoreL5138100
CeleronT1700/1600, 560/550/540/530100
원문의 65nm processor별 값을 보존합니다.
65nm family 확인→Duo·Solo·Xeon·Celeron 분류→Model row에서 TjMax 선택→범위 표기면 platform 정보와 함께 판단→tempX_crit에 적용
공정과 정확한 model 정보를 함께 사용합니다.
65nm Core2 Duo Processors
Solo U2200, U2100 100
U7700/7600/7500 100
T7800/7700/7600/7500/7400/7300/7250/7200/7100 100
T5870/5670/5600/5550/5500/5470/5450/5300/5270 100
T5250 100
T5800/5750/5200 85
L7700/7500/7400/7300/7200 100
65nm Core2 Extreme Processors
X7900/7800 100
65nm Core Duo Processors
U2500/2400 100
T2700/2600/2450/2400/2350/2300E/2300/2250/2050 100
L2500/2400/2300 100
65nm Core Solo Processors
U1500/1400/1300 100
T1400/1350/1300/1250 100
65nm Xeon Processors 5000 Quad-Core
X5000 90-95
E5000 80
L5000 70
L5318 95
65nm Xeon Processors 5000 Dual-Core
5080, 5063, 5060, 5050, 5030 80-90
5160, 5150, 5148, 5140, 5130, 5120, 5110 80
L5138 100
65nm Celeron Processors
T1700/1600 100
560/550/540/530 100
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요약·해설
coretemp.rst:1-195DTS가 보고하는 TjMax delta를 실제 온도로 변환하고 CPU model별 junction limit를 적용합니다.
원문 분량과 핵심 지원 범위입니다.
측정과 제어의 기본 순서입니다.