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1. 요약·해설
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2. 영어 원문 전체
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원문 전체 펼치기
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The Speakup User's Guide
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For Speakup 3.1.2 and Later
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By Gene Collins
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Updated by others
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Last modified on Mon Sep 27 14:26:31 2010
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Document version 1.3
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Copyright (c) 2005 Gene Collins
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Copyright (c) 2008, 2023 Samuel Thibault
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Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 the Speakup Team
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
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Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A
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copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
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Documentation License".
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Preface
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The purpose of this document is to familiarize users with the user
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interface to Speakup, a Linux Screen Reader. If you need instructions
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for installing or obtaining Speakup, visit the web site at
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http://linux-speakup.org/. Speakup is a set of patches to the standard
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Linux kernel source tree. It can be built as a series of modules, or as
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a part of a monolithic kernel. These details are beyond the scope of
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this manual, but the user may need to be aware of the module
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capabilities, depending on how your system administrator has installed
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Speakup. If Speakup is built as a part of a monolithic kernel, and the
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user is using a hardware synthesizer, then Speakup will be able to
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provide speech access from the time the kernel is loaded, until the time
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the system is shutdown. This means that if you have obtained Linux
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installation media for a distribution which includes Speakup as a part
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of its kernel, you will be able, as a blind person, to install Linux
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with speech access unaided by a sighted person. Again, these details
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are beyond the scope of this manual, but the user should be aware of
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them. See the web site mentioned above for further details.
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1. Starting Speakup
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If your system administrator has installed Speakup to work with your
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specific synthesizer by default, then all you need to do to use Speakup
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is to boot your system, and Speakup should come up talking. This
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assumes of course that your synthesizer is a supported hardware
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synthesizer, and that it is either installed in or connected to your
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system, and is if necessary powered on.
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It is possible, however, that Speakup may have been compiled into the
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kernel with no default synthesizer. It is even possible that your
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kernel has been compiled with support for some of the supported
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synthesizers and not others. If you find that this is the case, and
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your synthesizer is supported but not available, complain to the person
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who compiled and installed your kernel. Or better yet, go to the web
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site, and learn how to patch Speakup into your own kernel source, and
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build and install your own kernel.
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If your kernel has been compiled with Speakup, and has no default
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synthesizer set, or you would like to use a different synthesizer than
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the default one, then you may issue the following command at the boot
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prompt of your boot loader.
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linux speakup.synth=ltlk
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This command would tell Speakup to look for and use a LiteTalk or
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DoubleTalk LT at boot up. You may replace the ltlk synthesizer keyword
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with the keyword for whatever synthesizer you wish to use. The
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speakup.synth parameter will accept the following keywords, provided
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that support for the related synthesizers has been built into the
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kernel.
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acntsa -- Accent SA
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acntpc -- Accent PC
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apollo -- Apollo
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audptr -- Audapter
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bns -- Braille 'n Speak
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dectlk -- DecTalk Express (old and new, db9 serial only)
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decext -- DecTalk (old) External
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dtlk -- DoubleTalk PC
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keypc -- Keynote Gold PC
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ltlk -- DoubleTalk LT, LiteTalk, or external Tripletalk (db9 serial only)
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spkout -- Speak Out
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txprt -- Transport
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dummy -- Plain text terminal
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Note: Speakup does * NOT * support the internal Tripletalk!
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Speakup does support two other synthesizers, but because they work in
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conjunction with other software, they must be loaded as modules after
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their related software is loaded, and so are not available at boot up.
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These are as follows:
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decpc -- DecTalk PC (not available at boot up)
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soft -- One of several software synthesizers (not available at boot up)
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By default speakup looks for the synthesizer on the ttyS0 serial port. This can
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be changed with the device parameter of the modules, for instance for
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DoubleTalk LT:
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speakup_ltlk.dev=ttyUSB0
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See the sections on loading modules and software synthesizers later in
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this manual for further details. It should be noted here that the
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speakup.synth boot parameter will have no effect if Speakup has been
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compiled as modules. In order for Speakup modules to be loaded during
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the boot process, such action must be configured by your system
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administrator. This will mean that you will hear some, but not all, of
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the bootup messages.
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2. Basic operation
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Once you have booted the system, and if necessary, have supplied the
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proper bootup parameter for your synthesizer, Speakup will begin
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talking as soon as the kernel is loaded. In fact, it will talk a lot!
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It will speak all the boot up messages that the kernel prints on the
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screen during the boot process. This is because Speakup is not a
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separate screen reader, but is actually built into the operating
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system. Since almost all console applications must print text on the
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screen using the kernel, and must get their keyboard input through the
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kernel, they are automatically handled properly by Speakup. There are a
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few exceptions, but we'll come to those later.
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Note: In this guide I will refer to the numeric keypad as the keypad.
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This is done because the speakupmap.map file referred to later in this
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manual uses the term keypad instead of numeric keypad. Also I'm lazy
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and would rather only type one word. So keypad it is. Got it? Good.
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Most of the Speakup review keys are located on the keypad at the far
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right of the keyboard. The numlock key should be off, in order for these
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to work. If you toggle the numlock on, the keypad will produce numbers,
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which is exactly what you want for spreadsheets and such. For the
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purposes of this guide, you should have the numlock turned off, which is
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its default state at bootup.
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You probably won't want to listen to all the bootup messages every time
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you start your system, though it's a good idea to listen to them at
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least once, just so you'll know what kind of information is available to
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you during the boot process. You can always review these messages after
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bootup with the command:
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dmesg | more
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In order to speed the boot process, and to silence the speaking of the
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bootup messages, just press the keypad enter key. This key is located
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in the bottom right corner of the keypad. Speakup will shut up and stay
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that way, until you press another key.
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You can check to see if the boot process has completed by pressing the 8
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key on the keypad, which reads the current line. This also has the
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effect of starting Speakup talking again, so you can press keypad enter
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to silence it again if the boot process has not completed.
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When the boot process is complete, you will arrive at a "login" prompt.
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At this point, you'll need to type in your user id and password, as
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provided by your system administrator. You will hear Speakup speak the
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letters of your user id as you type it, but not the password. This is
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because the password is not displayed on the screen for security
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reasons. This has nothing to do with Speakup, it's a Linux security
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feature.
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Once you've logged in, you can run any Linux command or program which is
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allowed by your user id. Normal users will not be able to run programs
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which require root privileges.
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When you are running a program or command, Speakup will automatically
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speak new text as it arrives on the screen. You can at any time silence
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the speech with keypad enter, or use any of the Speakup review keys.
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Here are some basic Speakup review keys, and a short description of what
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they do.
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keypad 1 -- read previous character
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keypad 2 -- read current character (pressing keypad 2 twice rapidly will speak
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the current character phonetically)
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keypad 3 -- read next character
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keypad 4 -- read previous word
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keypad 5 -- read current word (press twice rapidly to spell the current word)
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keypad 6 -- read next word
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keypad 7 -- read previous line
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keypad 8 -- read current line (press twice rapidly to hear how much the
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text on the current line is indented)
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keypad 9 -- read next line
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keypad period -- speak current cursor position and announce current
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virtual console
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It's also worth noting that the insert key on the keypad is mapped
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as the speakup key. Instead of pressing and releasing this key, as you
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do under DOS or Windows, you hold it like a shift key, and press other
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keys in combination with it. For example, repeatedly holding keypad
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insert, from now on called speakup, and keypad enter will toggle the
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speaking of new text on the screen on and off. This is not the same as
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just pressing keypad enter by itself, which just silences the speech
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until you hit another key. When you hit speakup plus keypad enter,
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Speakup will say, "You turned me off.", or "Hey, that's better." When
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Speakup is turned off, no new text on the screen will be spoken. You
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can still use the reading controls to review the screen however.
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3. Using the Speakup Help System
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In order to enter the Speakup help system, press and hold the speakup
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key (remember that this is the keypad insert key), and press the f1 key.
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You will hear the message:
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"Press space to leave help, cursor up or down to scroll, or a letter to
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go to commands in list."
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When you press the spacebar to leave the help system, you will hear:
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"Leaving help."
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While you are in the Speakup help system, you can scroll up or down
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through the list of available commands using the cursor keys. The list
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of commands is arranged in alphabetical order. If you wish to jump to
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commands in a specific part of the alphabet, you may press the letter of
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the alphabet you wish to jump to.
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You can also just explore by typing keyboard keys. Pressing keys will
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cause Speakup to speak the command associated with that key. For
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example, if you press the keypad 8 key, you will hear:
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"Keypad 8 is line, say current."
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You'll notice that some commands do not have keys assigned to them.
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This is because they are very infrequently used commands, and are also
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accessible through the sys system. We'll discuss the sys system later
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in this manual.
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You'll also notice that some commands have two keys assigned to them.
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This is because Speakup has a built in set of alternative key bindings
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for laptop users. The alternate speakup key is the caps lock key. You
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can press and hold the caps lock key, while pressing an alternate
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speakup command key to activate the command. On most laptops, the
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numeric keypad is defined as the keys in the j k l area of the keyboard.
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There is usually a function key which turns this keypad function on and
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off, and some other key which controls the numlock state. Toggling the
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keypad functionality on and off can become a royal pain. So, Speakup
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gives you a simple way to get at an alternative set of key mappings for
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your laptop. These are also available by default on desktop systems,
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because Speakup does not know whether it is running on a desktop or
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laptop. So you may choose which set of Speakup keys to use. Some
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system administrators may have chosen to compile Speakup for a desktop
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system without this set of alternate key bindings, but these details are
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beyond the scope of this manual. To use the caps lock for its normal
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purpose, hold the shift key while toggling the caps lock on and off. We
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should note here, that holding the caps lock key and pressing the z key
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will toggle the alternate j k l keypad on and off.
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4. Keys and Their Assigned Commands
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In this section, we'll go through a list of all the speakup keys and
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commands. You can also get a list of commands and assigned keys from
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the help system.
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The following list was taken from the speakupmap.map file. Key
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assignments are on the left of the equal sign, and the associated
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Speakup commands are on the right. The designation "spk" means to press
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and hold the speakup key, a.k.a. keypad insert, a.k.a. caps lock, while
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pressing the other specified key.
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spk key_f9 = punc_level_dec
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spk key_f10 = punc_level_inc
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spk key_f11 = reading_punc_dec
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spk key_f12 = reading_punc_inc
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spk key_1 = vol_dec
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spk key_2 = vol_inc
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spk key_3 = pitch_dec
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spk key_4 = pitch_inc
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spk key_5 = rate_dec
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spk key_6 = rate_inc
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key_kpasterisk = toggle_cursoring
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spk key_kpasterisk = speakup_goto
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spk key_f1 = speakup_help
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spk key_f2 = set_win
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spk key_f3 = clear_win
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spk key_f4 = enable_win
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spk key_f5 = edit_some
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spk key_f6 = edit_most
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spk key_f7 = edit_delim
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spk key_f8 = edit_repeat
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shift spk key_f9 = edit_exnum
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key_kp7 = say_prev_line
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spk key_kp7 = left_edge
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key_kp8 = say_line
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double key_kp8 = say_line_indent
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spk key_kp8 = say_from_top
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key_kp9 = say_next_line
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spk key_kp9 = top_edge
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key_kpminus = speakup_parked
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spk key_kpminus = say_char_num
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key_kp4 = say_prev_word
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spk key_kp4 = say_from_left
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key_kp5 = say_word
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double key_kp5 = spell_word
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spk key_kp5 = spell_phonetic
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key_kp6 = say_next_word
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spk key_kp6 = say_to_right
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key_kpplus = say_screen
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spk key_kpplus = say_win
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key_kp1 = say_prev_char
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spk key_kp1 = right_edge
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key_kp2 = say_char
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spk key_kp2 = say_to_bottom
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double key_kp2 = say_phonetic_char
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key_kp3 = say_next_char
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spk key_kp3 = bottom_edge
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key_kp0 = spk_key
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key_kpdot = say_position
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spk key_kpdot = say_attributes
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key_kpenter = speakup_quiet
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spk key_kpenter = speakup_off
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key_sysrq = speech_kill
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key_kpslash = speakup_cut
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spk key_kpslash = speakup_paste
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spk key_pageup = say_first_char
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spk key_pagedown = say_last_char
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key_capslock = spk_key
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spk key_z = spk_lock
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key_leftmeta = spk_key
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ctrl spk key_0 = speakup_goto
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spk key_u = say_prev_line
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spk key_i = say_line
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double spk key_i = say_line_indent
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spk key_o = say_next_line
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spk key_minus = speakup_parked
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shift spk key_minus = say_char_num
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spk key_j = say_prev_word
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spk key_k = say_word
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double spk key_k = spell_word
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spk key_l = say_next_word
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spk key_m = say_prev_char
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spk key_comma = say_char
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double spk key_comma = say_phonetic_char
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spk key_dot = say_next_char
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spk key_n = say_position
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ctrl spk key_m = left_edge
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ctrl spk key_y = top_edge
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ctrl spk key_dot = right_edge
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ctrl spk key_p = bottom_edge
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spk key_apostrophe = say_screen
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spk key_h = say_from_left
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spk key_y = say_from_top
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spk key_semicolon = say_to_right
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spk key_p = say_to_bottom
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spk key_slash = say_attributes
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spk key_enter = speakup_quiet
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ctrl spk key_enter = speakup_off
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spk key_9 = speakup_cut
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spk key_8 = speakup_paste
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shift spk key_m = say_first_char
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ctrl spk key_semicolon = say_last_char
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spk key_r = read_all_doc
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5. The Speakup Sys System
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The Speakup screen reader also creates a speakup subdirectory as a part
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of the sys system.
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As a convenience, run as root
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ln -s /sys/accessibility/speakup /speakup
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to directly access speakup parameters from /speakup.
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You can see these entries by typing the command:
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ls -1 /speakup/*
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If you issue the above ls command, you will get back something like
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this:
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/speakup/attrib_bleep
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/speakup/bell_pos
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/speakup/bleep_time
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/speakup/bleeps
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/speakup/cursor_time
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/speakup/delimiters
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/speakup/ex_num
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/speakup/key_echo
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/speakup/keymap
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/speakup/no_interrupt
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/speakup/punc_all
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/speakup/punc_level
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/speakup/punc_most
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/speakup/punc_some
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/speakup/reading_punc
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/speakup/repeats
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/speakup/say_control
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/speakup/say_word_ctl
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/speakup/silent
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/speakup/spell_delay
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/speakup/synth
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/speakup/synth_direct
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/speakup/version
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/speakup/i18n:
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announcements
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characters
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chartab
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colors
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ctl_keys
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formatted
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function_names
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key_names
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states
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/speakup/soft:
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caps_start
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caps_stop
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delay_time
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direct
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freq
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full_time
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jiffy_delta
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pitch
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inflection
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punct
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rate
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tone
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trigger_time
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voice
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vol
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Notice the two subdirectories of /speakup: /speakup/i18n and
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/speakup/soft.
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The i18n subdirectory is described in a later section.
426
The files under /speakup/soft represent settings that are specific to the
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driver for the software synthesizer. If you use the LiteTalk, your
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synthesizer-specific settings would be found in /speakup/ltlk. In other words,
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a subdirectory named /speakup/KWD is created to hold parameters specific
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to the device whose keyword is KWD.
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These parameters include volume, rate, pitch, and others.
433
In addition to using the Speakup hot keys to change such things as
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volume, pitch, and rate, you can also echo values to the appropriate
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entry in the /speakup directory. This is very useful, since it
436
lets you control Speakup parameters from within a script. How you
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would write such scripts is somewhat beyond the scope of this manual,
438
but I will include a couple of simple examples here to give you a
439
general idea of what such scripts can do.
441
Suppose for example, that you wanted to control both the punctuation
442
level and the reading punctuation level at the same time. For
443
simplicity, we'll call them punc0, punc1, punc2, and punc3. The scripts
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might look something like this:
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#!/bin/bash
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# punc0
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# set punc and reading punc levels to 0
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echo 0 >/speakup/punc_level
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echo 0 >/speakup/reading_punc
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echo Punctuation level set to 0.
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#!/bin/bash
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# punc1
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# set punc and reading punc levels to 1
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echo 1 >/speakup/punc_level
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echo 1 >/speakup/reading_punc
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echo Punctuation level set to 1.
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#!/bin/bash
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# punc2
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# set punc and reading punc levels to 2
463
echo 2 >/speakup/punc_level
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echo 2 >/speakup/reading_punc
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echo Punctuation level set to 2.
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#!/bin/bash
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# punc3
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# set punc and reading punc levels to 3
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echo 3 >/speakup/punc_level
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echo 3 >/speakup/reading_punc
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echo Punctuation level set to 3.
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If you were to store these four small scripts in a directory in your
475
path, perhaps /usr/local/bin, and set the permissions to 755 with the
476
chmod command, then you could change the default reading punc and
477
punctuation levels at the same time by issuing just one command. For
478
example, if you were to execute the punc3 command at your shell prompt,
479
then the reading punc and punc level would both get set to 3.
481
I should note that the above scripts were written to work with bash, but
482
regardless of which shell you use, you should be able to do something
483
similar.
485
The Speakup sys system also has another interesting use. You can echo
486
Speakup parameters into the sys system in a script during system
487
startup, and speakup will return to your preferred parameters every time
488
the system is rebooted.
490
Most of the Speakup sys parameters can be manipulated by a regular user
491
on the system. However, there are a few parameters that are dangerous
492
enough that they should only be manipulated by the root user on your
493
system. There are even some parameters that are read only, and cannot
494
be written to at all. For example, the version entry in the Speakup
495
sys system is read only. This is because there is no reason for a user
496
to tamper with the version number which is reported by Speakup. Doing
497
an ls -l on /speakup/version will return this:
499
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 21 13:46 /speakup/version
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As you can see, the version entry in the Speakup sys system is read
502
only, is owned by root, and belongs to the root group. Doing a cat of
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/speakup/version will display the Speakup version number, like
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this:
506
cat /speakup/version
507
Speakup v-2.00 CVS: Thu Oct 21 10:38:21 EDT 2004
508
synth dtlk version 1.1
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The display shows the Speakup version number, along with the version
511
number of the driver for the current synthesizer.
513
Looking at entries in the Speakup sys system can be useful in many
514
ways. For example, you might wish to know what level your volume is set
515
at. You could type:
517
cat /speakup/KWD/vol
518
# Replace KWD with the keyword for your synthesizer, E.G., ltlk for LiteTalk.
519
5
521
The number five which comes back is the level at which the synthesizer
522
volume is set at.
524
All the entries in the Speakup sys system are readable, some are
525
writable by root only, and some are writable by everyone. Unless you
526
know what you are doing, you should probably leave the ones that are
527
writable by root only alone. Most of the names are self explanatory.
528
Vol for controlling volume, pitch for pitch, inflection for pitch range, rate
529
for controlling speaking rate, etc. If you find one you aren't sure about, you
530
can post a query on the Speakup list.
532
6. Changing Synthesizers
534
It is possible to change to a different synthesizer while speakup is
535
running. In other words, it is not necessary to reboot the system
536
in order to use a different synthesizer. You can simply echo the
537
synthesizer keyword to the /speakup/synth sys entry.
538
Depending on your situation, you may wish to echo none to the synth
539
sys entry, to disable speech while one synthesizer is disconnected and
540
a second one is connected in its place. Then echo the keyword for the
541
new synthesizer into the synth sys entry in order to start speech
542
with the newly connected synthesizer. See the list of synthesizer
543
keywords in section 1 to find the keyword which matches your synth.
545
7. Loading modules
547
As mentioned earlier, Speakup can either be completely compiled into the
548
kernel, with the exception of the help module, or it can be compiled as
549
a series of modules. When compiled as modules, Speakup will only be
550
able to speak some of the bootup messages if your system administrator
551
has configured the system to load the modules at boot time. The modules
552
can be loaded after the file systems have been checked and mounted, or
553
from an initrd. There is a third possibility. Speakup can be compiled
554
with some components built into the kernel, and others as modules. As
555
we'll see in the next section, this is particularly useful when you are
556
working with software synthesizers.
558
If Speakup is completely compiled as modules, then you must use the
559
modprobe command to load Speakup. You do this by loading the module for
560
the synthesizer driver you wish to use. The driver modules are all
561
named speakup_<keyword>, where <keyword> is the keyword for the
562
synthesizer you want. So, in order to load the driver for the DecTalk
563
Express, you would type the following command:
565
modprobe speakup_dectlk
567
Issuing this command would load the DecTalk Express driver and all other
568
related Speakup modules necessary to get Speakup up and running.
570
To completely unload Speakup, again presuming that it is entirely built
571
as modules, you would give the command:
573
modprobe -r speakup_dectlk
575
The above command assumes you were running a DecTalk Express. If you
576
were using a different synth, then you would substitute its keyword in
577
place of dectlk.
579
If you have multiple drivers loaded, you need to unload all of them, in
580
order to completely unload Speakup.
581
For example, if you have loaded both the dectlk and ltlk drivers, use the
582
command:
583
modprobe -r speakup_dectlk speakup_ltlk
585
You cannot unload the driver for software synthesizers when a user-space
586
daemon is using /dev/softsynth. First, kill the daemon. Next, remove
587
the driver with the command:
588
modprobe -r speakup_soft
590
Now, suppose we have a situation where the main Speakup component
591
is built into the kernel, and some or all of the drivers are built as
592
modules. Since the main part of Speakup is compiled into the kernel, a
593
partial Speakup sys system has been created which we can take advantage
594
of by simply echoing the synthesizer keyword into the
595
/speakup/synth sys entry. This will cause the kernel to
596
automatically load the appropriate driver module, and start Speakup
597
talking. To switch to another synth, just echo a new keyword to the
598
synth sys entry. For example, to load the DoubleTalk LT driver,
599
you would type:
601
echo ltlk >/speakup/synth
603
You can use the modprobe -r command to unload driver modules, regardless
604
of whether the main part of Speakup has been built into the kernel or
605
not.
607
8. Using Software Synthesizers
609
Using a software synthesizer requires that some other software be
610
installed and running on your system. For this reason, software
611
synthesizers are not available for use at bootup, or during a system
612
installation process.
613
There are two freely-available solutions for software speech: Espeakup and
614
Speech Dispatcher.
615
These are described in subsections 8.1 and 8.2, respectively.
617
During the rest of this section, we assume that speakup_soft is either
618
built in to your kernel, or loaded as a module.
620
If your system does not have udev installed , before you can use a
621
software synthesizer, you must have created the /dev/softsynth device.
622
If you have not already done so, issue the following commands as root:
624
cd /dev
625
mknod softsynth c 10 26
627
While we are at it, we might just as well create the /dev/synth device,
628
which can be used to let user space programs send information to your
629
synthesizer. To create /dev/synth, change to the /dev directory, and
630
issue the following command as root:
632
mknod synth c 10 25
634
of both.
636
8.1. Espeakup
638
Espeakup is a connector between Speakup and the eSpeak software synthesizer.
639
Espeakup may already be available as a package for your distribution
640
of Linux. If it is not packaged, you need to install it manually.
641
You can find it in the contrib/ subdirectory of the Speakup sources.
642
The filename is espeakup-$VERSION.tar.bz2, where $VERSION
643
depends on the current release of Espeakup. The Speakup 3.1.2 source
644
ships with version 0.71 of Espeakup.
645
The README file included with the Espeakup sources describes the process
646
of manual installation.
648
Assuming that Espeakup is installed, either by the user or by the distributor,
649
follow these steps to use it.
651
Tell Speakup to use the "soft driver:
652
echo soft > /speakup/synth
654
Finally, start the espeakup program. There are two ways to do it.
655
Both require root privileges.
657
If Espeakup was installed as a package for your Linux distribution,
658
you probably have a distribution-specific script that controls the operation
659
of the daemon. Look for a file named espeakup under /etc/init.d or
660
/etc/rc.d. Execute the following command with root privileges:
661
/etc/init.d/espeakup start
662
Replace init.d with rc.d, if your distribution uses scripts located under
663
/etc/rc.d.
664
Your distribution will also have a procedure for starting daemons at
665
boot-time, so it is possible to have software speech as soon as user-space
666
daemons are started by the bootup scripts.
667
These procedures are not described in this document.
669
If you built Espeakup manually, the "make install" step placed the binary
670
under /usr/bin.
671
Run the following command as root:
672
/usr/bin/espeakup
673
Espeakup should start speaking.
675
8.2. Speech Dispatcher
677
For this option, you must have a package called
678
Speech Dispatcher running on your system, and it must be configured to
679
work with one of its supported software synthesizers.
681
Two open source synthesizers you might use are Flite and Festival. You
682
might also choose to purchase the Software DecTalk from Fonix Sales Inc.
683
If you run a google search for Fonix, you'll find their web site.
685
You can obtain a copy of Speech Dispatcher from free(b)soft at
686
http://www.freebsoft.org/. Follow the installation instructions that
687
come with Speech Dispatcher in order to install and configure Speech
688
Dispatcher. You can check out the web site for your Linux distribution
689
in order to get a copy of either Flite or Festival. Your Linux
690
distribution may also have a precompiled Speech Dispatcher package.
692
Once you've installed, configured, and tested Speech Dispatcher with your
693
chosen software synthesizer, you still need one more piece of software
694
in order to make things work. You need a package called speechd-up.
695
You get it from the free(b)soft web site mentioned above. After you've
696
compiled and installed speechd-up, you are almost ready to begin using
697
your software synthesizer.
699
Now you can begin using your software synthesizer. In order to do so,
700
echo the soft keyword to the synth sys entry like this:
702
echo soft >/speakup/synth
704
Next run the speechd_up command like this:
706
speechd_up &
708
Your synth should now start talking, and you should be able to adjust
709
the pitch, rate, etc.
711
9. Using The DecTalk PC Card
713
The DecTalk PC card is an ISA card that is inserted into one of the ISA
714
slots in your computer. It requires that the DecTalk PC software be
715
installed on your computer, and that the software be loaded onto the
716
Dectalk PC card before it can be used.
718
You can get the dec_pc.tgz file from the linux-speakup.org site. The
719
dec_pc.tgz file is in the ~ftp/pub/linux/speakup directory.
721
After you have downloaded the dec_pc.tgz file, untar it in your home
722
directory, and read the Readme file in the newly created dec_pc
723
directory.
725
The easiest way to get the software working is to copy the entire dec_pc
726
directory into /user/local/lib. To do this, su to root in your home
727
directory, and issue the command:
729
cp dec_pc /usr/local/lib
731
You will need to copy the dtload command from the dec_pc directory to a
732
directory in your path. Either /usr/bin or /usr/local/bin is a good
733
choice.
735
You can now run the dtload command in order to load the DecTalk PC
736
software onto the card. After you have done this, echo the decpc
737
keyword to the synth entry in the sys system like this:
739
echo decpc >/speakup/synth
741
Your DecTalk PC should start talking, and then you can adjust the pitch,
742
rate, volume, voice, etc. The voice entry in the Speakup sys system
743
will accept a number from 0 through 7 for the DecTalk PC synthesizer,
744
which will give you access to some of the DecTalk voices.
746
10. Using Cursor Tracking
748
In Speakup version 2.0 and later, cursor tracking is turned on by
749
default. This means that when you are using an editor, Speakup will
750
automatically speak characters as you move left and right with the
751
cursor keys, and lines as you move up and down with the cursor keys.
752
This is the traditional sort of cursor tracking.
753
Recent versions of Speakup provide two additional ways to control the
754
text that is spoken when the cursor is moved:
755
"highlight tracking" and "read window."
756
They are described later in this section.
757
Sometimes, these modes get in your way, so you can disable cursor tracking
758
altogether.
760
You may select among the various forms of cursor tracking using the keypad
761
asterisk key.
762
Each time you press this key, a new mode is selected, and Speakup speaks
763
the name of the new mode. The names for the four possible states of cursor
764
tracking are: "cursoring on", "highlight tracking", "read window",
765
and "cursoring off." The keypad asterisk key moves through the list of
766
modes in a circular fashion.
768
If highlight tracking is enabled, Speakup tracks highlighted text,
769
rather than the cursor itself. When you move the cursor with the arrow keys,
770
Speakup speaks the currently highlighted information.
771
This is useful when moving through various menus and dialog boxes.
772
If cursor tracking isn't helping you while navigating a menu,
773
try highlight tracking.
775
With the "read window" variety of cursor tracking, you can limit the text
776
that Speakup speaks by specifying a window of interest on the screen.
777
See section 15 for a description of the process of defining windows.
778
When you move the cursor via the arrow keys, Speakup only speaks
779
the contents of the window. This is especially helpful when you are hearing
780
superfluous speech. Consider the following example.
782
Suppose that you are at a shell prompt. You use bash, and you want to
783
explore your command history using the up and down arrow keys. If you
784
have enabled cursor tracking, you will hear two pieces of information.
785
Speakup speaks both your shell prompt and the current entry from the
786
command history. You may not want to hear the prompt repeated
787
each time you move, so you can silence it by specifying a window. Find
788
the last line of text on the screen. Clear the current window by pressing
789
the key combination speakup f3. Use the review cursor to find the first
790
character that follows your shell prompt. Press speakup + f2 twice, to
791
define a one-line window. The boundaries of the window are the
792
character following the shell prompt and the end of the line. Now, cycle
793
through the cursor tracking modes using keypad asterisk, until Speakup
794
says "read window." Move through your history using your arrow keys.
795
You will notice that Speakup no longer speaks the redundant prompt.
797
Some folks like to turn cursor tracking off while they are using the
798
lynx web browser. You definitely want to turn cursor tracking off when
799
you are using the alsamixer application. Otherwise, you won't be able
800
to hear your mixer settings while you are using the arrow keys.
802
11. Cut and Paste
804
One of Speakup's more useful features is the ability to cut and paste
805
text on the screen. This means that you can capture information from a
806
program, and paste that captured text into a different place in the
807
program, or into an entirely different program, which may even be
808
running on a different console.
810
For example, in this manual, we have made references to several web
811
sites. It would be nice if you could cut and paste these urls into your
812
web browser. Speakup does this quite nicely. Suppose you wanted to
813
past the following url into your browser:
815
http://linux-speakup.org/
817
Use the speakup review keys to position the reading cursor on the first
818
character of the above url. When the reading cursor is in position,
819
press the keypad slash key once. Speakup will say, "mark". Next,
820
position the reading cursor on the rightmost character of the above
821
url. Press the keypad slash key once again to actually cut the text
822
from the screen. Speakup will say, "cut". Although we call this
823
cutting, Speakup does not actually delete the cut text from the screen.
824
It makes a copy of the text in a special buffer for later pasting.
826
Now that you have the url cut from the screen, you can paste it into
827
your browser, or even paste the url on a command line as an argument to
828
your browser.
830
Suppose you want to start lynx and go to the Speakup site.
832
You can switch to a different console with the alt left and right
833
arrows, or you can switch to a specific console by typing alt and a
834
function key. These are not Speakup commands, just standard Linux
835
console capabilities.
837
Once you've changed to an appropriate console, and are at a shell prompt,
838
type the word lynx, followed by a space. Now press and hold the speakup
839
key, while you type the keypad slash character. The url will be pasted
840
onto the command line, just as though you had typed it in. Press the
841
enter key to execute the command.
843
The paste buffer will continue to hold the cut information, until a new
844
mark and cut operation is carried out. This means you can paste the cut
845
information as many times as you like before doing another cut
846
operation.
848
You are not limited to cutting and pasting only one line on the screen.
849
You can also cut and paste rectangular regions of the screen. Just
850
position the reading cursor at the top left corner of the text to be
851
cut, mark it with the keypad slash key, then position the reading cursor
852
at the bottom right corner of the region to be cut, and cut it with the
853
keypad slash key.
855
12. Changing the Pronunciation of Characters
857
Through the /speakup/i18n/characters sys entry, Speakup gives you the
858
ability to change how Speakup pronounces a given character. You could,
859
for example, change how some punctuation characters are spoken. You can
860
even change how Speakup will pronounce certain letters.
862
You may, for example, wish to change how Speakup pronounces the z
863
character. The author of Speakup, Kirk Reiser, is Canadian, and thus
864
believes that the z should be pronounced zed. If you are an American,
865
you might wish to use the zee pronunciation instead of zed. You can
866
change the pronunciation of both the upper and lower case z with the
867
following two commands:
869
echo 90 zee >/speakup/characters
870
echo 122 zee >/speakup/characters
872
Let's examine the parts of the two previous commands. They are issued
873
at the shell prompt, and could be placed in a startup script.
875
The word echo tells the shell that you want to have it display the
876
string of characters that follow the word echo. If you were to just
877
type:
879
echo hello.
881
You would get the word hello printed on your screen as soon as you
882
pressed the enter key. In this case, we are echoing strings that we
883
want to be redirected into the sys system.
885
The numbers 90 and 122 in the above echo commands are the ascii numeric
886
values for the upper and lower case z, the characters we wish to change.
888
The string zee is the pronunciation that we want Speakup to use for the
889
upper and lower case z.
891
The > symbol redirects the output of the echo command to a file, just
892
like in DOS, or at the Windows command prompt.
894
And finally, /speakup/i18n/characters is the file entry in the sys system
895
where we want the output to be directed. Speakup looks at the numeric
896
value of the character we want to change, and inserts the pronunciation
897
string into an internal table.
899
You can look at the whole table with the following command:
901
cat /speakup/i18n/characters
903
Speakup will then print out the entire character pronunciation table. I
904
won't display it here, but leave you to look at it at your convenience.
906
13. Mapping Keys
908
Speakup has the capability of allowing you to assign or "map" keys to
909
internal Speakup commands. This section necessarily assumes you have a
910
Linux kernel source tree installed, and that it has been patched and
911
configured with Speakup. How you do this is beyond the scope of this
912
manual. For this information, visit the Speakup web site at
913
http://linux-speakup.org/. The reason you'll need the kernel source
914
tree patched with Speakup is that the genmap utility you'll need for
915
processing keymaps is in the
916
/usr/src/linux-<version_number>/drivers/char/speakup directory. The
917
<version_number> in the above directory path is the version number of
918
the Linux source tree you are working with.
920
So ok, you've gone off and gotten your kernel source tree, and patched
921
and configured it. Now you can start manipulating keymaps.
923
You can either use the
924
/usr/src/linux-<version_number>/drivers/char/speakup/speakupmap.map file
925
included with the Speakup source, or you can cut and paste the copy in
926
section 4 into a separate file. If you use the one in the Speakup
927
source tree, make sure you make a backup of it before you start making
928
changes. You have been warned!
930
Suppose that you want to swap the key assignments for the Speakup
931
say_last_char and the Speakup say_first_char commands. The
932
speakupmap.map lists the key mappings for these two commands as follows:
934
spk key_pageup = say_first_char
935
spk key_pagedown = say_last_char
937
You can edit your copy of the speakupmap.map file and swap the command
938
names on the right side of the = (equals) sign. You did make a backup,
939
right? The new keymap lines would look like this:
941
spk key_pageup = say_last_char
942
spk key_pagedown = say_first_char
944
After you edit your copy of the speakupmap.map file, save it under a new
945
file name, perhaps newmap.map. Then exit your editor and return to the
946
shell prompt.
948
You are now ready to load your keymap with your swapped key assignments.
949
Assuming that you saved your new keymap as the file newmap.map, you
950
would load your keymap into the sys system like this:
952
/usr/src/linux-<version_number>/drivers/char/speakup/genmap newmap.map
953
>/speakup/keymap
955
Remember to substitute your kernel version number for the
956
<version_number> in the above command. Also note that although the
957
above command wrapped onto two lines in this document, you should type
958
it all on one line.
960
Your say first and say last characters should now be swapped. Pressing
961
speakup pagedown should read you the first non-whitespace character on
962
the line your reading cursor is in, and pressing speakup pageup should
963
read you the last character on the line your reading cursor is in.
965
You should note that these new mappings will only stay in effect until
966
you reboot, or until you load another keymap.
968
One final warning. If you try to load a partial map, you will quickly
969
find that all the mappings you didn't include in your file got deleted
970
from the working map. Be extremely careful, and always make a backup!
971
You have been warned!
973
14. Internationalizing Speakup
975
Speakup indicates various conditions to the user by speaking messages.
976
For instance, when you move to the left edge of the screen with the
977
review keys, Speakup says, "left."
978
Prior to version 3.1.0 of Speakup, all of these messages were in English,
979
and they could not be changed. If you used a non-English synthesizer,
980
you still heard English messages, such as "left" and "cursoring on."
981
In version 3.1.0 or higher, one may load translations for the various
982
messages via the /sys filesystem.
984
The directory /speakup/i18n contains several collections of messages.
985
Each group of messages is stored in its own file.
986
The following section lists all of these files, along with a brief description
987
of each.
989
14.1. Files Under the i18n Subdirectory
991
* announcements:
992
This file contains various general announcements, most of which cannot
993
be categorized. You will find messages such as "You killed Speakup",
994
"I'm alive", "leaving help", "parked", "unparked", and others.
995
You will also find the names of the screen edges and cursor tracking modes
996
here.
998
* characters:
999
See section 12 for a description of this file.
1001
* chartab:
1002
See section 12. Unlike the rest of the files in the i18n subdirectory,
1003
this one does not contain messages to be spoken.
1005
* colors:
1006
When you use the "say attributes" function, Speakup says the name of the
1007
foreground and background colors. These names come from the i18n/colors
1008
file.
1010
* ctl_keys:
1011
Here, you will find names of control keys. These are used with Speakup's
1012
say_control feature.
1014
* formatted:
1015
This group of messages contains embedded formatting codes, to specify
1016
the type and width of displayed data. If you change these, you must
1017
preserve all of the formatting codes, and they must appear in the order
1018
used by the default messages.
1020
* function_names:
1021
Here, you will find a list of names for Speakup functions. These are used
1022
by the help system. For example, suppose that you have activated help mode,
1023
and you pressed keypad 3. Speakup says:
1024
"keypad 3 is character, say next."
1025
The message "character, say next" names a Speakup function, and it
1026
comes from this function_names file.
1028
* key_names:
1029
Again, key_names is used by Speakup's help system. In the previous
1030
example, Speakup said that you pressed "keypad 3."
1031
This name came from the key_names file.
1033
* states:
1034
This file contains names for key states.
1035
Again, these are part of the help system. For instance, if you had pressed
1036
speakup + keypad 3, you would hear:
1037
"speakup keypad 3 is go to bottom edge."
1038
The speakup key is depressed, so the name of the key state is speakup.
1039
This part of the message comes from the states collection.
1041
14.2. Changing language
1043
14.2.1. Loading Your Own Messages
1045
The files under the i18n subdirectory all follow the same format.
1046
They consist of lines, with one message per line.
1047
Each message is represented by a number, followed by the text of the message.
1048
The number is the position of the message in the given collection.
1049
For example, if you view the file /speakup/i18n/colors, you will see the
1050
following list:
1052
0 black
1053
1 blue
1054
2 green
1055
3 cyan
1056
4 red
1057
5 magenta
1058
6 yellow
1059
7 white
1060
8 grey
1062
You can change one message, or you can change a whole group.
1063
To load a whole collection of messages from a new source, simply use
1064
the cp command:
1065
cp ~/my_colors /speakup/i18n/colors
1066
You can change an individual message with the echo command,
1067
as shown in the following example.
1069
The Spanish name for the color blue is azul.
1070
Looking at the colors file, we see that the name "blue" is at position 1
1071
within the colors group. Let's change blue to azul:
1072
echo '1 azul' > /speakup/i18n/colors
1073
The next time that Speakup says message 1 from the colors group, it will
1074
say "azul", rather than "blue."
1076
14.2.2. Choose a language
1078
In the future, translations into various languages will be made available,
1079
and most users will just load the files necessary for their language. So far,
1080
only French language is available beyond native Canadian English language.
1082
French is only available after you are logged in.
1084
Canadian English is the default language. To toggle another language,
1085
download the source of Speakup and untar it in your home directory. The
1086
following command should let you do this:
1088
tar xvjf speakup-<version>.tar.bz2
1090
where <version> is the version number of the application.
1092
Next, change to the newly created directory, then into the tools/ directory, and
1093
run the script speakup_setlocale. You are asked the language that you want to
1094
use. Type the number associated to your language (e.g. fr for French) then press
1095
Enter. Needed files are copied in the i18n directory.
1097
Note: the speakupconf must be installed on your system so that settings are saved.
1098
Otherwise, you will have an error: your language will be loaded but you will
1099
have to run the script again every time Speakup restarts.
1100
See section 16.1. for information about speakupconf.
1102
You will have to repeat these steps for any change of locale, i.e. if you wish
1103
change the speakup's language or charset (iso-8859-15 ou UTF-8).
1105
If you wish store the settings, note that at your next login, you will need to
1106
do:
1108
speakup load
1110
Alternatively, you can add the above line to your file
1111
~/.bashrc or ~/.bash_profile.
1113
If your system administrator himself ran the script, all the users will be able
1114
to change from English to the language chosen by root and do directly
1115
speakupconf load (or add this to the ~/.bashrc or
1116
~/.bash_profile file). If there are several languages to handle, the
1117
administrator (or every user) will have to run the first steps until speakupconf
1118
save, choosing the appropriate language, in every user's home directory. Every
1119
user will then be able to do speakupconf load, Speakup will load his own settings.
1121
14.3. No Support for Non-Western-European Languages
1123
As of the current release, Speakup only supports Western European languages.
1124
Support for the extended characters used by languages outside of the Western
1125
European family of languages is a work in progress.
1127
15. Using Speakup's Windowing Capability
1129
Speakup has the capability of defining and manipulating windows on the
1130
screen. Speakup uses the term "Window", to mean a user defined area of
1131
the screen. The key strokes for defining and manipulating Speakup
1132
windows are as follows:
1134
speakup + f2 -- Set the bounds of the window.
1135
Speakup + f3 -- clear the current window definition.
1136
speakup + f4 -- Toggle window silence on and off.
1137
speakup + keypad plus -- Say the currently defined window.
1139
These capabilities are useful for tracking a certain part of the screen
1140
without rereading the whole screen, or for silencing a part of the
1141
screen that is constantly changing, such as a clock or status line.
1143
There is no way to save these window settings, and you can only have one
1144
window defined for each virtual console. There is also no way to have
1145
windows automatically defined for specific applications.
1147
In order to define a window, use the review keys to move your reading
1148
cursor to the beginning of the area you want to define. Then press
1149
speakup + f2. Speakup will tell you that the window starts at the
1150
indicated row and column position. Then move the reading cursor to the
1151
end of the area to be defined as a window, and press speakup + f2 again.
1152
If there is more than one line in the window, Speakup will tell you
1153
that the window ends at the indicated row and column position. If there
1154
is only one line in the window, then Speakup will tell you that the
1155
window is the specified line on the screen. If you are only defining a
1156
one line window, you can just press speakup + f2 twice after placing the
1157
reading cursor on the line you want to define as a window. It is not
1158
necessary to position the reading cursor at the end of the line in order
1159
to define the whole line as a window.
1161
16. Tools for Controlling Speakup
1163
The speakup distribution includes extra tools (in the tools directory)
1164
which were written to make speakup easier to use. This section will
1165
briefly describe the use of these tools.
1167
16.1. Speakupconf
1169
speakupconf began life as a contribution from Steve Holmes, a member of
1170
the speakup community. We would like to thank him for his work on the
1171
early versions of this project.
1173
This script may be installed as part of your linux distribution, but if
1174
it isn't, the recommended places to put it are /usr/local/bin or
1175
/usr/bin. This script can be run by any user, so it does not require
1176
root privileges.
1178
Speakupconf allows you to save and load your Speakup settings. It works
1179
by reading and writing the /sys files described above.
1181
The directory that speakupconf uses to store your settings depends on
1182
whether it is run from the root account. If you execute speakupconf as
1183
root, it uses the directory /etc/speakup. Otherwise, it uses the directory
1184
~/.speakup, where ~ is your home directory.
1185
Anyone who needs to use Speakup from your console can load his own custom
1186
settings with this script.
1188
speakupconf takes one required argument: load or save.
1189
Use the command
1190
speakupconf save
1191
to save your Speakup settings, and
1192
speakupconf load
1193
to load them into Speakup.
1194
A second argument may be specified to use an alternate directory to
1195
load or save the speakup parameters.
1197
16.2. Talkwith
1199
Charles Hallenbeck, another member of the speakup community, wrote the
1200
initial versions of this script, and we would also like to thank him for
1201
his work on it.
1203
This script needs root privileges to run, so if it is not installed as
1204
part of your linux distribution, the recommended places to install it
1205
are /usr/local/sbin or /usr/sbin.
1207
Talkwith allows you to switch synthesizers on the fly. It takes a synthesizer
1208
name as an argument. For instance,
1209
talkwith dectlk
1210
causes Speakup to use the DecTalk Express. If you wish to switch to a
1211
software synthesizer, you must also indicate which daemon you wish to
1212
use. There are two possible choices:
1213
spd and espeakup. spd is an abbreviation for speechd-up.
1214
If you wish to use espeakup for software synthesis, give the command
1215
talkwith soft espeakup
1216
To use speechd-up, type:
1217
talkwith soft spd
1218
Any arguments that follow the name of the daemon are passed to the daemon
1219
when it is invoked. For instance:
1220
talkwith espeakup --default-voice=fr
1221
causes espeakup to use the French voice.
1222
Note that talkwith must always be executed with root privileges.
1224
Talkwith does not attempt to load your settings after the new
1225
synthesizer is activated. You can use speakupconf to load your settings
1226
if desired.
1228
GNU Free Documentation License
1229
Version 1.2, November 2002
1232
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
1233
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
1234
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
1237
0. PREAMBLE
1239
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
1240
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
1241
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
1242
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
1243
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
1244
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
1245
for modifications made by others.
1247
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
1248
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
1249
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
1250
license designed for free software.
1252
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
1253
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
1254
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
1255
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
1256
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
1257
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
1258
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1261
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
1263
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
1264
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
1265
distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
1266
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
1267
work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
1268
refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
1269
licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
1270
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
1271
under copyright law.
1273
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
1274
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
1275
modifications and/or translated into another language.
1277
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
1278
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
1279
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
1280
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
1281
within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
1282
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
1283
mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
1284
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
1285
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
1286
them.
1288
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
1289
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
1290
that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
1291
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
1292
allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
1293
Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
1294
Sections then there are none.
1296
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
1297
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
1298
the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
1299
be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
1301
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
1302
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
1303
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
1304
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
1305
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
1306
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
1307
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
1308
to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
1309
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
1310
or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
1311
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
1312
of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
1314
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
1315
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
1316
or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
1317
HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
1318
transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
1319
include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
1320
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
1321
processing tools are not generally available, and the
1322
machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
1323
processors for output purposes only.
1325
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
1326
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
1327
this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
1328
formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
1329
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
1330
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
1332
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
1333
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
1334
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
1335
specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
1336
"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title"
1337
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
1338
section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
1340
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
1341
states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
1342
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
1343
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
1344
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
1345
no effect on the meaning of this License.
1348
2. VERBATIM COPYING
1350
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
1351
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
1352
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
1353
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
1354
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
1355
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
1356
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
1357
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
1358
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
1360
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
1361
you may publicly display copies.
1364
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
1366
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
1367
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
1368
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
1369
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
1370
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
1371
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
1372
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
1373
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
1374
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
1375
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
1376
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
1377
as verbatim copying in other respects.
1379
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
1380
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
1381
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
1382
pages.
1384
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
1385
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
1386
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
1387
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
1388
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
1389
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
1390
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
1391
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
1392
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
1393
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
1394
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
1395
edition to the public.
1397
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
1398
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
1399
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
1402
4. MODIFICATIONS
1404
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
1405
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
1406
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
1407
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
1408
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
1409
of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
1411
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
1412
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
1413
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
1414
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
1415
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
1416
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
1417
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
1418
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
1419
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
1420
unless they release you from this requirement.
1421
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
1422
Modified Version, as the publisher.
1423
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
1424
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
1425
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
1426
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
1427
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
1428
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
1429
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
1430
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
1431
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
1432
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
1433
to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
1434
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
1435
there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
1436
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
1437
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
1438
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
1439
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
1440
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
1441
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
1442
it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
1443
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
1444
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
1445
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
1446
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
1447
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
1448
the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
1449
and/or dedications given therein.
1450
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
1451
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
1452
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
1453
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
1454
may not be included in the Modified Version.
1455
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
1456
or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
1457
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
1459
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
1460
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
1461
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
1462
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
1463
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
1464
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
1466
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
1467
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
1468
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
1469
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
1470
standard.
1472
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
1473
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
1474
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
1475
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
1476
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
1477
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
1478
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
1479
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
1480
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
1482
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
1483
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
1484
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
1487
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
1489
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
1490
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
1491
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
1492
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
1493
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
1494
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
1496
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
1497
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
1498
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
1499
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
1500
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
1501
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
1502
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
1503
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
1505
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
1506
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
1507
"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
1508
and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
1509
Entitled "Endorsements".
1512
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
1514
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
1515
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
1516
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
1517
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
1518
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
1520
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
1521
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
1522
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
1523
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
1526
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
1528
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
1529
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
1530
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
1531
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
1532
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
1533
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
1534
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
1535
derivative works of the Document.
1537
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
1538
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
1539
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
1540
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
1541
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
1542
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
1543
aggregate.
1546
8. TRANSLATION
1548
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
1549
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
1550
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
1551
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
1552
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
1553
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
1554
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
1555
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
1556
the original English version of this License and the original versions
1557
of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
1558
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
1559
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
1561
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
1562
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
1563
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
1564
title.
1567
9. TERMINATION
1569
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
1570
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
1571
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
1572
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
1573
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
1574
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
1575
parties remain in full compliance.
1578
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
1580
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
1581
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
1582
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
1583
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
1584
https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
1586
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
1587
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
1588
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
1589
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
1590
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
1591
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
1592
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
1593
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
1596
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
1598
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
1599
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
1600
license notices just after the title page:
1602
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
1603
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
1604
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
1605
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
1606
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
1607
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
1608
Free Documentation License".
1610
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
1611
replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
1613
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
1614
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
1616
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
1617
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
1618
situation.
1620
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
1621
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
1622
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
1623
to permit their use in free software.
1625
The End.
3. 한국어 전문 번역
영어 원문의 문단 순서와 의미를 유지한 전체 번역입니다. 코드, 함수명, symbol과 URL은 원문 표기를 유지합니다.
문서 정보와 배포 조건
1-19이 문서는 Gene Collins가 작성하고 다른 기여자들이 갱신한 `Speakup 3.1.2 이상 사용 설명서`이며, 최종 수정 시각은 2010년 9월 27일 14:26:31, 문서 버전은 1.3입니다. 저작권은 2005년 Gene Collins, 2008·2023년 Samuel Thibault, 2009·2010년 Speakup Team에 있습니다.
GNU Free Documentation License 1.2 또는 Free Software Foundation이 발표한 이후 버전의 조건에 따라 이 문서를 복제·배포·수정할 수 있습니다. 불변 섹션, 앞표지 문구, 뒤표지 문구는 없으며, 라이선스 사본은 `GNU Free Documentation License` 절에 포함되어 있습니다.
머리말
20-39이 문서의 목적은 Linux 화면 읽기 프로그램 Speakup의 사용자 인터페이스를 익히게 하는 것입니다. 설치하거나 구하는 방법은 `http://linux-speakup.org/`에서 확인합니다. Speakup은 표준 Linux 커널 소스 트리에 적용하는 패치 집합으로, 여러 모듈 또는 단일 커널의 일부로 빌드할 수 있습니다.
설치 방식에 따라 사용자는 모듈 기능을 알아야 할 수 있습니다. Speakup이 단일 커널에 포함되고 하드웨어 합성기를 사용하면 커널 적재부터 시스템 종료까지 음성 접근을 제공합니다. 배포판 설치 미디어의 커널에 Speakup이 포함되어 있다면 시각 장애인이 다른 사람의 도움 없이 음성으로 Linux를 설치할 수도 있습니다. 자세한 설치 설명은 이 설명서 범위 밖이며 위 웹사이트를 참조합니다.
1. Speakup 시작
40-109관리자가 특정 합성기를 기본값으로 설치했다면 지원되는 하드웨어 합성기를 장착하거나 연결하고 필요하면 전원을 켠 뒤 시스템을 부팅하는 것만으로 Speakup이 말하기 시작합니다. 커널에 기본 합성기가 없거나 일부 합성기 드라이버만 들어 있을 수도 있습니다. 지원 장치가 빠졌다면 커널 설치 담당자에게 요청하거나 Speakup 웹사이트의 안내에 따라 직접 커널을 패치·빌드할 수 있습니다.
커널에 Speakup이 포함되었지만 기본 합성기가 없거나 다른 합성기를 쓰려면 부트로더 프롬프트에서 다음처럼 `speakup.synth`를 지정합니다. 예시는 LiteTalk 또는 DoubleTalk LT를 선택합니다.
linux speakup.synth=ltlk`ltlk` 대신 커널에 지원이 빌드된 장치의 키워드를 사용합니다. 내부 Tripletalk은 지원하지 않습니다. `decpc`와 `soft`는 다른 소프트웨어가 먼저 실행되어야 하므로 모듈로 나중에 적재하며 부팅 단계에서는 사용할 수 없습니다.
| 키워드 | 합성기 |
|---|---|
| `acntsa` | Accent SA |
| `acntpc` | Accent PC |
| `apollo` | Apollo |
| `audptr` | Audapter |
| `bns` | Braille 'n Speak |
| `dectlk` | DecTalk Express(구형·신형, DB9 직렬 전용) |
| `decext` | 구형 외장 DecTalk |
| `dtlk` | DoubleTalk PC |
| `keypc` | Keynote Gold PC |
| `ltlk` | DoubleTalk LT, LiteTalk, 외장 Tripletalk(DB9 직렬 전용) |
| `spkout` | Speak Out |
| `txprt` | Transport |
| `dummy` | 일반 텍스트 터미널 |
| `decpc` | DecTalk PC(부팅 시에는 사용할 수 없음) |
| `soft` | 소프트웨어 음성 합성기(부팅 시에는 사용할 수 없음) |
acntsa -- Accent SA
acntpc -- Accent PC
apollo -- Apollo
audptr -- Audapter
bns -- Braille 'n Speak
dectlk -- DecTalk Express (old and new, db9 serial only)
decext -- DecTalk (old) External
dtlk -- DoubleTalk PC
keypc -- Keynote Gold PC
ltlk -- DoubleTalk LT, LiteTalk, or external Tripletalk (db9 serial only)
spkout -- Speak Out
txprt -- Transport
dummy -- Plain text terminaldecpc -- DecTalk PC (not available at boot up)
soft -- One of several software synthesizers (not available at boot up)Speakup은 기본적으로 `ttyS0` 직렬 포트에서 합성기를 찾습니다. 모듈의 장치 매개변수로 포트를 바꿀 수 있으며, 다음 예는 DoubleTalk LT를 `ttyUSB0`에서 사용합니다.
speakup_ltlk.dev=ttyUSB0Speakup 전체가 모듈로 빌드되었다면 `speakup.synth` 부팅 매개변수는 효과가 없습니다. 관리자가 부팅 중 모듈을 적재하도록 설정해야 하므로 이 구성에서는 일부 부팅 메시지만 들을 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 뒤의 모듈 및 소프트웨어 합성기 절을 참조합니다.
2. 기본 조작
110-197필요한 부팅 매개변수를 준 뒤 커널이 적재되면 Speakup은 커널이 화면에 출력하는 부팅 메시지를 모두 읽습니다. 별도 화면 읽기 프로그램이 아니라 운영체제에 통합되어 있으므로, 커널을 통해 화면을 출력하고 키보드 입력을 받는 거의 모든 콘솔 응용 프로그램이 자동으로 처리됩니다. 일부 예외는 뒤에서 설명합니다.
이 문서에서 `keypad`는 숫자 키패드를 뜻합니다. 검토 키 대부분은 키보드 오른쪽 키패드에 있으며 Num Lock을 꺼야 동작합니다. Num Lock을 켜면 숫자를 입력하므로 스프레드시트 등에 적합합니다. 부팅 기본 상태는 꺼짐입니다.
부팅 메시지는 적어도 한 번 들어 두면 유용하며, 부팅 후에도 다음 명령으로 검토할 수 있습니다.
dmesg | more부팅 중 keypad Enter를 누르면 다음 키를 누를 때까지 발화를 멈춥니다. keypad 8은 현재 줄을 읽으므로 부팅 완료 여부를 확인하고 말하기를 다시 시작하는 효과도 있습니다. 아직 부팅 중이면 keypad Enter로 다시 조용히 할 수 있습니다.
부팅이 끝나면 `login` 프롬프트에서 사용자 ID와 암호를 입력합니다. ID 문자는 읽지만 화면에 표시되지 않는 암호는 읽지 않습니다. 이는 Speakup 기능이 아니라 Linux 보안 동작입니다. 로그인한 일반 사용자는 자신의 권한으로 허용된 명령과 프로그램만 실행할 수 있습니다.
프로그램이나 명령이 새 텍스트를 출력하면 Speakup이 자동으로 읽습니다. 언제든 keypad Enter로 멈추거나 검토 키로 화면을 살필 수 있습니다.
keypad 1 -- read previous character
keypad 2 -- read current character (pressing keypad 2 twice rapidly will speak
the current character phonetically)
keypad 3 -- read next character
keypad 4 -- read previous word
keypad 5 -- read current word (press twice rapidly to spell the current word)
keypad 6 -- read next word
keypad 7 -- read previous line
keypad 8 -- read current line (press twice rapidly to hear how much the
text on the current line is indented)
keypad 9 -- read next line
keypad period -- speak current cursor position and announce current
virtual console| 키 | 동작 |
|---|---|
| keypad 1 / 2 / 3 | 이전 문자 / 현재 문자 / 다음 문자를 읽습니다. keypad 2를 빠르게 두 번 누르면 현재 문자를 음성 기호로 읽습니다. |
| keypad 4 / 5 / 6 | 이전 단어 / 현재 단어 / 다음 단어를 읽습니다. keypad 5를 빠르게 두 번 누르면 현재 단어의 철자를 읽습니다. |
| keypad 7 / 8 / 9 | 이전 줄 / 현재 줄 / 다음 줄을 읽습니다. keypad 8을 빠르게 두 번 누르면 현재 줄의 들여쓰기 정도를 읽습니다. |
| keypad period | 현재 커서 위치와 현재 가상 콘솔을 알립니다. |
| keypad enter | 다른 키를 누를 때까지 현재 음성을 멈춥니다. |
| speakup + keypad enter | 화면에 새로 나타나는 텍스트를 자동으로 읽는 기능을 켜거나 끕니다. |
keypad Insert는 `speakup` 보조 키로 매핑됩니다. 일반 키처럼 눌렀다 떼지 말고 Shift처럼 누른 채 다른 키와 조합합니다. `speakup + keypad Enter`는 새 화면 텍스트 자동 발화를 토글하며, 단순 keypad Enter의 일시 정지와 다릅니다. 끌 때는 `You turned me off.`, 켤 때는 `Hey, that's better.`라고 말합니다. 자동 발화가 꺼져도 검토 제어로 화면을 읽을 수 있습니다.
3. Speakup 도움말 시스템
198-248도움말에 들어가려면 keypad Insert인 speakup 키를 누른 채 F1을 누릅니다. Speakup은 Space로 나가고, 위·아래 커서로 스크롤하며, 글자로 명령 목록의 해당 위치로 이동할 수 있다고 안내합니다. Space로 나가면 `Leaving help.`라고 말합니다.
명령은 알파벳순이며 커서 키로 이동하거나 원하는 첫 글자를 눌러 건너뛸 수 있습니다. 키를 직접 눌러 연결된 명령을 탐색할 수도 있습니다. 예를 들어 keypad 8을 누르면 `Keypad 8 is line, say current.`라고 말합니다. 키가 없는 드문 명령은 뒤에서 설명하는 sys 인터페이스로 접근합니다.
일부 명령에 키가 두 개 있는 이유는 노트북용 대체 바인딩 때문입니다. 대체 speakup 키는 Caps Lock이며, 대부분 노트북의 J·K·L 부근 내장 숫자 키패드를 켰다 껐다 하는 번거로움을 줄입니다. 데스크톱에서도 기본적으로 이 바인딩을 쓸 수 있으나 관리자가 빌드에서 제외했을 수 있습니다. Caps Lock 본래 기능은 Shift를 누른 채 토글하고, Caps Lock을 누른 채 Z를 누르면 대체 J·K·L 키패드를 토글합니다.
4. 키와 할당 명령
249-353다음 목록은 `speakupmap.map`에서 가져온 전체 기본 매핑입니다. 등호 왼쪽은 키 조합, 오른쪽은 내부 Speakup 명령입니다. `spk`는 keypad insert 또는 Caps Lock인 speakup 키를 누른 채 나머지 키를 누르라는 뜻이며, `double`, `shift`, `ctrl`은 각각 빠르게 두 번 누르기와 보조 키 조합을 뜻합니다. 명령 식별자는 실제 키맵에 입력하는 값이므로 원문 그대로 보존합니다.
spk key_f9 = punc_level_dec
spk key_f10 = punc_level_inc
spk key_f11 = reading_punc_dec
spk key_f12 = reading_punc_inc
spk key_1 = vol_dec
spk key_2 = vol_inc
spk key_3 = pitch_dec
spk key_4 = pitch_inc
spk key_5 = rate_dec
spk key_6 = rate_inc
key_kpasterisk = toggle_cursoring
spk key_kpasterisk = speakup_goto
spk key_f1 = speakup_help
spk key_f2 = set_win
spk key_f3 = clear_win
spk key_f4 = enable_win
spk key_f5 = edit_some
spk key_f6 = edit_most
spk key_f7 = edit_delim
spk key_f8 = edit_repeat
shift spk key_f9 = edit_exnum
key_kp7 = say_prev_line
spk key_kp7 = left_edge
key_kp8 = say_line
double key_kp8 = say_line_indent
spk key_kp8 = say_from_top
key_kp9 = say_next_line
spk key_kp9 = top_edge
key_kpminus = speakup_parked
spk key_kpminus = say_char_num
key_kp4 = say_prev_word
spk key_kp4 = say_from_left
key_kp5 = say_word
double key_kp5 = spell_word
spk key_kp5 = spell_phonetic
key_kp6 = say_next_word
spk key_kp6 = say_to_right
key_kpplus = say_screen
spk key_kpplus = say_win
key_kp1 = say_prev_char
spk key_kp1 = right_edge
key_kp2 = say_char
spk key_kp2 = say_to_bottom
double key_kp2 = say_phonetic_char
key_kp3 = say_next_char
spk key_kp3 = bottom_edge
key_kp0 = spk_key
key_kpdot = say_position
spk key_kpdot = say_attributes
key_kpenter = speakup_quiet
spk key_kpenter = speakup_off
key_sysrq = speech_kill
key_kpslash = speakup_cut
spk key_kpslash = speakup_paste
spk key_pageup = say_first_char
spk key_pagedown = say_last_char
key_capslock = spk_key
spk key_z = spk_lock
key_leftmeta = spk_key
ctrl spk key_0 = speakup_goto
spk key_u = say_prev_line
spk key_i = say_line
double spk key_i = say_line_indent
spk key_o = say_next_line
spk key_minus = speakup_parked
shift spk key_minus = say_char_num
spk key_j = say_prev_word
spk key_k = say_word
double spk key_k = spell_word
spk key_l = say_next_word
spk key_m = say_prev_char
spk key_comma = say_char
double spk key_comma = say_phonetic_char
spk key_dot = say_next_char
spk key_n = say_position
ctrl spk key_m = left_edge
ctrl spk key_y = top_edge
ctrl spk key_dot = right_edge
ctrl spk key_p = bottom_edge
spk key_apostrophe = say_screen
spk key_h = say_from_left
spk key_y = say_from_top
spk key_semicolon = say_to_right
spk key_p = say_to_bottom
spk key_slash = say_attributes
spk key_enter = speakup_quiet
ctrl spk key_enter = speakup_off
spk key_9 = speakup_cut
spk key_8 = speakup_paste
shift spk key_m = say_first_char
ctrl spk key_semicolon = say_last_char
spk key_r = read_all_doc5. Speakup sys 인터페이스
354-531Speakup은 sysfs에 `speakup` 하위 디렉터리를 만듭니다. 루트로 다음 심볼릭 링크를 만들면 `/sys/accessibility/speakup`의 매개변수를 `/speakup`에서 바로 다룰 수 있습니다.
ln -s /sys/accessibility/speakup /speakup`ls -1 /speakup/*`를 실행하면 전역 설정, 국제화 설정, 현재 합성기별 설정을 볼 수 있습니다. 예시에서 `/speakup/i18n`은 뒤의 국제화 절에서 설명하고, `/speakup/soft`는 소프트웨어 합성기 드라이버의 볼륨·속도·피치·억양·음색 등 고유 설정입니다. LiteTalk을 사용하면 같은 방식으로 `/speakup/ltlk`가 만들어집니다. 즉 장치 키워드가 `KWD`이면 `/speakup/KWD`가 장치별 매개변수를 담습니다.
ls -1 /speakup/*
If you issue the above ls command, you will get back something like
this:
/speakup/attrib_bleep
/speakup/bell_pos
/speakup/bleep_time
/speakup/bleeps
/speakup/cursor_time
/speakup/delimiters
/speakup/ex_num
/speakup/key_echo
/speakup/keymap
/speakup/no_interrupt
/speakup/punc_all
/speakup/punc_level
/speakup/punc_most
/speakup/punc_some
/speakup/reading_punc
/speakup/repeats
/speakup/say_control
/speakup/say_word_ctl
/speakup/silent
/speakup/spell_delay
/speakup/synth
/speakup/synth_direct
/speakup/version
/speakup/i18n:
announcements
characters
chartab
colors
ctl_keys
formatted
function_names
key_names
states
/speakup/soft:
caps_start
caps_stop
delay_time
direct
freq
full_time
jiffy_delta
pitch
inflection
punct
rate
tone
trigger_time
voice
volSpeakup 단축키뿐 아니라 적절한 `/speakup` 항목에 값을 써서 볼륨, 피치, 속도 등을 바꿀 수 있습니다. 이 방식은 스크립트와 부팅 초기화에 유용합니다. 다음 네 Bash 스크립트는 `punc_level`과 `reading_punc`를 한 명령으로 0부터 3까지 함께 설정합니다.
#!/bin/bash
# punc0
# set punc and reading punc levels to 0
echo 0 >/speakup/punc_level
echo 0 >/speakup/reading_punc
echo Punctuation level set to 0.
#!/bin/bash
# punc1
# set punc and reading punc levels to 1
echo 1 >/speakup/punc_level
echo 1 >/speakup/reading_punc
echo Punctuation level set to 1.
#!/bin/bash
# punc2
# set punc and reading punc levels to 2
echo 2 >/speakup/punc_level
echo 2 >/speakup/reading_punc
echo Punctuation level set to 2.
#!/bin/bash
# punc3
# set punc and reading punc levels to 3
echo 3 >/speakup/punc_level
echo 3 >/speakup/reading_punc
echo Punctuation level set to 3.스크립트를 `/usr/local/bin` 같은 `PATH` 디렉터리에 두고 `chmod`로 권한을 755로 설정하면 `punc3` 같은 명령 하나로 두 구두점 수준을 함께 바꿀 수 있습니다. 예시는 Bash용이지만 다른 셸에서도 같은 원리로 작성할 수 있습니다. 같은 값을 시스템 시작 스크립트에서 써 주면 재부팅할 때마다 선호 설정으로 돌아갑니다.
대부분 매개변수는 일반 사용자가 조작할 수 있지만 위험한 항목은 루트만 쓸 수 있고, `version`처럼 읽기 전용인 항목도 있습니다. `ls -l` 결과에서 `version`은 root 소유이며 모든 사용자에게 읽기만 허용됩니다.
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 21 13:46 /speakup/versioncat /speakup/version
Speakup v-2.00 CVS: Thu Oct 21 10:38:21 EDT 2004
synth dtlk version 1.1`cat /speakup/version`은 Speakup 버전과 현재 합성기 드라이버 버전을 표시합니다. 다른 항목도 읽어 현재 값을 확인할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어 합성기 키워드 `KWD`를 실제 키워드로 바꾸어 볼륨을 읽으면 예시에서는 5가 반환됩니다.
cat /speakup/KWD/vol
# Replace KWD with the keyword for your synthesizer, E.G., ltlk for LiteTalk.
5모든 sys 항목은 읽을 수 있고, 일부는 root만 또는 모든 사용자가 쓸 수 있습니다. 의미를 정확히 모르면 root 전용 항목은 건드리지 않는 편이 안전합니다. 이름은 대체로 자명합니다. `vol`은 볼륨, `pitch`는 피치, `inflection`은 피치 범위, `rate`는 말하기 속도입니다. 불확실하면 Speakup 메일링 리스트에 질문합니다.
6. 합성기 변경
532-544Speakup 실행 중에도 재부팅 없이 합성기를 바꿀 수 있습니다. `/speakup/synth`에 새 합성기 키워드를 씁니다. 장치를 분리하고 다른 장치를 연결하는 동안에는 먼저 `none`을 써서 음성을 끈 뒤 새 장치의 키워드를 쓰면 됩니다. 알맞은 키워드는 1절의 표를 참조합니다.
7. 모듈 적재
545-606도움말 모듈을 제외한 Speakup 전체를 커널에 내장하거나 일련의 모듈로 빌드할 수 있고, 일부는 내장하고 일부는 모듈로 둘 수도 있습니다. 전부 모듈이면 파일 시스템 검사·마운트 뒤 또는 initrd에서 관리자가 적재해야 하므로 일부 부팅 메시지만 읽을 수 있습니다. 혼합 구성은 소프트웨어 합성기에 특히 유용합니다.
전부 모듈이면 사용하려는 합성기 드라이버 `speakup_<keyword>`를 `modprobe`합니다. DecTalk Express 예시는 다음과 같고, 필요한 Speakup 종속 모듈도 함께 적재됩니다.
modprobe speakup_dectlk전부 모듈인 Speakup을 완전히 내리려면 사용 중인 드라이버를 `modprobe -r`로 제거합니다. 다른 합성기라면 `dectlk` 대신 그 키워드를 씁니다.
modprobe -r speakup_dectlk드라이버를 여러 개 적재했다면 모두 제거해야 Speakup이 완전히 내려갑니다. `dectlk`와 `ltlk`를 함께 적재한 예는 다음과 같습니다.
modprobe -r speakup_dectlk speakup_ltlk사용자 공간 데몬이 `/dev/softsynth`를 사용 중이면 소프트웨어 합성기 드라이버를 내릴 수 없습니다. 먼저 데몬을 종료한 뒤 제거합니다.
modprobe -r speakup_softSpeakup 핵심이 커널에 내장되고 드라이버가 모듈이면 부분 sys 인터페이스가 이미 있으므로 `/speakup/synth`에 키워드를 쓰는 것만으로 커널이 알맞은 드라이버를 자동 적재하고 말하기를 시작합니다. 다음은 DoubleTalk LT 예시입니다. 핵심의 내장 여부와 관계없이 드라이버 모듈은 `modprobe -r`로 내릴 수 있습니다.
echo ltlk >/speakup/synth8. 소프트웨어 합성기 사용
607-710소프트웨어 합성기는 다른 사용자 공간 소프트웨어가 설치되어 실행 중이어야 하므로 부팅 초기나 시스템 설치 과정에는 사용할 수 없습니다. 자유 소프트웨어 방식은 Speakup과 eSpeak을 잇는 Espeakup, 그리고 Speech Dispatcher의 두 가지입니다. 이 절에서는 `speakup_soft`가 커널에 내장되었거나 모듈로 적재되었다고 가정합니다.
udev가 없다면 root로 `/dev/softsynth` 문자 장치(major 10, minor 26)를 만들고, 사용자 공간 프로그램이 합성기에 데이터를 보낼 수 있도록 `/dev/synth`(major 10, minor 25)도 만들 수 있습니다. 원문의 이어지는 `of both.`는 두 장치 모두를 가리키는 불완전한 문장 조각입니다.
cd /dev
mknod softsynth c 10 26mknod synth c 10 25Espeakup이 배포판 패키지로 없다면 Speakup 소스의 `contrib/`에 있는 `espeakup-$VERSION.tar.bz2`를 설치합니다. Speakup 3.1.2에는 Espeakup 0.71이 포함되어 있으며 README가 수동 설치를 설명합니다. 설치 뒤 Speakup에 `soft` 드라이버를 선택합니다.
echo soft > /speakup/synth배포판 패키지로 설치했다면 root로 `/etc/init.d/espeakup start`를 실행하며, 배포판이 `/etc/rc.d`를 쓰면 경로를 바꿉니다. 배포판의 부팅 데몬 절차를 사용하면 사용자 공간 데몬 시작 직후부터 음성을 쓸 수 있습니다. 그 절차 자체는 이 문서 범위 밖입니다.
/etc/init.d/espeakup start직접 빌드해 `make install`했다면 바이너리는 `/usr/bin`에 있으므로 root로 직접 실행합니다.
/usr/bin/espeakupSpeech Dispatcher 방식은 지원되는 합성기와 함께 Speech Dispatcher가 설치·실행·설정되어 있어야 합니다. Flite와 Festival은 오픈 소스 선택지이며, 상용 Software DecTalk도 사용할 수 있습니다. Speech Dispatcher와 `speechd-up`은 원문에 적힌 free(b)soft 사이트에서 구하고, 배포판이 제공하는 미리 빌드된 패키지를 사용할 수도 있습니다.
선택한 합성기로 Speech Dispatcher를 설치·설정·검사한 뒤 `speechd-up`을 빌드·설치합니다. Speakup에 `soft`를 선택하고 `speechd_up`을 백그라운드에서 실행하면 합성기가 말하기 시작하며 피치와 속도 등을 조절할 수 있습니다.
echo soft >/speakup/synthspeechd_up &9. DecTalk PC 카드 사용
711-745DecTalk PC는 컴퓨터의 ISA 슬롯에 꽂는 카드입니다. 사용 전에 DecTalk PC 소프트웨어를 설치하고 카드에 적재해야 합니다. `linux-speakup.org`의 `~ftp/pub/linux/speakup`에서 `dec_pc.tgz`를 받아 홈 디렉터리에 풀고 새 `dec_pc` 디렉터리의 README를 읽습니다.
가장 간단한 방법은 `dec_pc` 디렉터리 전체를 `/usr/local/lib`에 복사하고, 그 안의 `dtload`를 `/usr/bin` 또는 `/usr/local/bin`처럼 `PATH`에 있는 디렉터리로 복사하는 것입니다. 원문의 `/user/local/lib` 표기는 문맥상 `/usr/local/lib`의 오타입니다.
cp dec_pc /usr/local/lib`dtload`로 카드에 소프트웨어를 적재한 뒤 sys의 `synth`에 `decpc`를 쓰면 말하기가 시작됩니다. 피치·속도·볼륨·음성을 조절할 수 있고, `voice` 항목은 0부터 7까지 받아 여러 DecTalk 음성을 선택합니다.
echo decpc >/speakup/synth10. 커서 추적
746-801Speakup 2.0 이상에서는 전통적인 커서 추적이 기본으로 켜집니다. 편집기에서 왼쪽·오른쪽으로 이동하면 문자를, 위·아래로 이동하면 줄을 자동으로 읽습니다. 최신 버전은 강조 표시 추적과 창 읽기도 제공하며 필요하면 추적을 완전히 끌 수 있습니다.
keypad 별표를 누를 때마다 `cursoring on`, `highlight tracking`, `read window`, `cursoring off` 네 상태가 순환하고 새 모드 이름을 읽습니다. 강조 표시 추적은 커서 자체가 아니라 현재 강조된 정보를 읽으므로 메뉴와 대화 상자 탐색에 유용합니다.
`read window`는 화면에 관심 영역을 창으로 지정해 그 안만 읽습니다. 창 정의는 15절을 참조합니다. 예를 들어 Bash 명령 이력을 위·아래 키로 볼 때 셸 프롬프트가 매번 반복되는 것을 막으려면 마지막 줄에서 `speakup + F3`으로 기존 창을 지우고, 프롬프트 다음 첫 문자로 검토 커서를 옮긴 뒤 `speakup + F2`를 두 번 눌러 그 위치부터 줄 끝까지 한 줄 창을 만듭니다. 별표로 `read window`를 선택하면 이력만 들립니다.
Lynx에서는 커서 추적을 끄는 사용자가 있고, `alsamixer`에서는 반드시 꺼야 화살표 키로 이동하면서 믹서 설정을 들을 수 있습니다.
11. 잘라내기와 붙여넣기
802-854Speakup은 화면 텍스트를 캡처해 같은 프로그램의 다른 위치나 다른 가상 콘솔의 별도 프로그램에 붙여넣을 수 있습니다. 이름은 잘라내기지만 화면에서 원문을 지우지 않고 전용 버퍼에 복사합니다.
예를 들어 `http://linux-speakup.org/`를 복사하려면 검토 키로 읽기 커서를 URL의 첫 문자에 놓고 keypad 슬래시를 한 번 눌러 `mark`를 설정합니다. 마지막 문자로 이동해 다시 keypad 슬래시를 누르면 `cut`이라고 말하며 범위를 버퍼에 넣습니다.
Alt+왼쪽·오른쪽 또는 Alt+기능 키로 적절한 콘솔로 옮긴 뒤 셸에서 `lynx`와 공백을 입력하고, speakup 키를 누른 채 keypad 슬래시를 눌러 URL을 붙여넣고 Enter로 실행할 수 있습니다. 콘솔 전환은 Speakup 명령이 아니라 표준 Linux 콘솔 기능입니다.
새 표시·잘라내기 작업을 하기 전까지 버퍼 내용은 유지되므로 여러 번 붙여넣을 수 있습니다. 한 줄뿐 아니라 왼쪽 위에서 표시하고 오른쪽 아래에서 잘라내면 화면의 직사각형 영역도 캡처할 수 있습니다.
12. 문자 발음 변경
855-905`/speakup/i18n/characters`를 통해 문장 부호나 글자의 발음을 바꿀 수 있습니다. 예를 들어 캐나다식 `zed` 대신 미국식 `zee`로 대문자·소문자 Z를 읽게 하려면 ASCII 값 90과 122에 새 발음을 지정합니다. 명령은 셸에서 실행하거나 시작 스크립트에 넣을 수 있습니다.
echo 90 zee >/speakup/characters
echo 122 zee >/speakup/characters`echo`는 뒤 문자열을 출력합니다. 단순히 다음 명령을 입력하면 Enter를 누르는 즉시 화면에 `hello.`가 출력됩니다. 여기서는 그 출력을 sysfs 파일로 리디렉션합니다.
echo hello.90과 122는 바꿀 대문자·소문자 Z의 ASCII 숫자 값이고 `zee`는 새 발음입니다. `>`는 DOS나 Windows 명령 프롬프트에서처럼 출력을 파일로 보냅니다. Speakup은 숫자 값을 보고 내부 문자 발음 표의 문자열을 바꿉니다. 전체 표는 다음처럼 읽습니다.
cat /speakup/i18n/characters13. 키 매핑
906-972Speakup 내부 명령에 키를 새로 할당할 수 있습니다. 이 절은 Speakup으로 패치·설정된 Linux 커널 소스 트리가 설치되어 있다고 가정합니다. 키맵 처리 도구 `genmap`은 `/usr/src/linux-<version_number>/drivers/char/speakup`에 있으므로 필요하며, 커널 준비 방법은 `http://linux-speakup.org/`를 참조합니다.
Speakup 소스의 `speakupmap.map`을 사용하거나 4절의 전체 목록을 별도 파일로 복사할 수 있습니다. 원본을 편집하기 전에 반드시 백업합니다. 예를 들어 `say_last_char`와 `say_first_char`의 키를 맞바꾸려면 기존 두 줄의 등호 오른쪽 명령 이름을 서로 바꿉니다.
spk key_pageup = say_first_char
spk key_pagedown = say_last_charspk key_pageup = say_last_char
spk key_pagedown = say_first_char편집본을 `newmap.map` 같은 새 이름으로 저장한 뒤 다음 명령으로 sys 키맵에 적재합니다. `<version_number>`는 실제 커널 버전으로 바꾸고, 문서에서는 줄바꿈되어 보여도 실제 명령은 한 줄로 입력합니다.
/usr/src/linux-<version_number>/drivers/char/speakup/genmap newmap.map
>/speakup/keymap이제 `speakup + PageDown`은 읽기 커서가 있는 줄의 첫 비공백 문자를, `speakup + PageUp`은 마지막 문자를 읽습니다. 새 매핑은 재부팅하거나 다른 키맵을 적재할 때까지만 유지됩니다. 부분 키맵을 적재하면 파일에 없는 모든 작업 매핑이 삭제되므로 항상 전체 맵을 사용하고 백업해야 합니다.
14. Speakup 국제화
973-1126Speakup은 화면 왼쪽 가장자리에 닿았을 때 `left`라고 말하는 것처럼 여러 상태를 음성 메시지로 알립니다. 3.1.0 이전에는 이런 메시지가 영어로 고정되었지만, 3.1.0 이상에서는 `/sys`를 통해 번역 메시지를 적재할 수 있습니다. `/speakup/i18n`의 각 파일은 한 종류의 메시지 모음을 담습니다.
| 파일 | 내용 |
|---|---|
| `announcements` | 일반 안내, 화면 가장자리 이름, 커서 추적 모드 이름 |
| `characters` | 문자별 발음 문자열 |
| `chartab` | 발화 메시지가 아닌 문자 분류표 |
| `colors` | 전경색과 배경색 이름 |
| `ctl_keys` | `say_control`이 사용하는 제어 키 이름 |
| `formatted` | 형식·폭 지정 코드가 들어 있는 메시지 |
| `function_names` | 도움말 시스템이 읽는 Speakup 함수 이름 |
| `key_names` | 도움말 시스템이 읽는 키 이름 |
| `states` | Speakup 키와 같은 키 상태 이름 |
`formatted`를 바꿀 때는 내장 형식 코드와 순서를 모두 보존해야 합니다. `function_names`, `key_names`, `states`는 도움말 문장을 조립합니다. 예를 들어 keypad 3의 `keypad 3 is character, say next.`에서 키 이름은 `key_names`, 함수 설명은 `function_names`에서 오고, `speakup keypad 3 is go to bottom edge.`의 `speakup` 상태명은 `states`에서 옵니다.
국제화 파일은 한 줄에 메시지 하나이며, 각 줄은 모음 안의 위치 번호와 메시지 텍스트로 구성됩니다. `/speakup/i18n/colors`의 기본 목록은 다음과 같습니다.
0 black
1 blue
2 green
3 cyan
4 red
5 magenta
6 yellow
7 white
8 grey전체 메시지 모음을 바꾸려면 새 파일을 `cp`로 해당 sys 항목에 복사합니다. 개별 메시지는 `echo`로 바꿉니다. 예를 들어 색상 모음의 위치 1인 `blue`를 스페인어 `azul`로 바꾸면 다음부터 메시지 1을 `azul`로 읽습니다.
cp ~/my_colors /speakup/i18n/colorsecho '1 azul' > /speakup/i18n/colors원문 작성 시점에는 기본 캐나다 영어 외에 프랑스어만 준비되어 있고 로그인 뒤에만 사용할 수 있었습니다. Speakup 소스를 홈 디렉터리에 풀고 새 디렉터리의 `tools/`에서 `speakup_setlocale`을 실행해 언어 번호(예: 프랑스어 `fr`)를 선택하면 필요한 파일이 i18n 디렉터리에 복사됩니다.
tar xvjf speakup-<version>.tar.bz2`speakupconf`가 설치되어 있어야 설정을 저장할 수 있습니다. 없으면 언어가 현재 세션에는 적재되지만 Speakup을 다시 시작할 때마다 스크립트를 다시 실행해야 합니다. 언어나 문자 집합(`iso-8859-15` 또는 `UTF-8`)을 바꿀 때도 같은 절차를 반복합니다. 저장한 설정은 로그인 때 다음 명령으로 적재하거나 `~/.bashrc` 또는 `~/.bash_profile`에 넣습니다.
speakup load관리자가 스크립트를 실행했다면 모든 사용자가 root가 고른 영어 외 언어로 바꾸고 각자 `speakupconf load`를 실행할 수 있습니다. 여러 언어를 다룬다면 관리자 또는 각 사용자가 자신의 홈 디렉터리에서 원하는 언어를 골라 `speakupconf save`까지 수행해야 하며, 이후 각 사용자의 `load`가 개인 설정을 적재합니다.
이 문서의 현재 릴리스는 서유럽 언어만 지원합니다. 서유럽 언어군 밖에서 사용하는 확장 문자 지원은 작업 중입니다.
15. Speakup 창 기능
1127-1160Speakup에서 `Window`는 사용자가 지정한 화면 영역입니다. 화면 전체를 다시 읽지 않고 특정 부분을 추적하거나, 시계·상태 줄처럼 계속 바뀌는 영역을 조용히 하는 데 유용합니다.
speakup + f2 -- Set the bounds of the window.
Speakup + f3 -- clear the current window definition.
speakup + f4 -- Toggle window silence on and off.
speakup + keypad plus -- Say the currently defined window.창 설정은 저장할 수 없고 가상 콘솔마다 하나만 정의할 수 있으며 응용 프로그램별로 자동 정의할 수도 없습니다. 창을 만들려면 검토 키로 읽기 커서를 영역 시작점에 놓고 `speakup + F2`를 누릅니다. Speakup이 시작 행·열을 알리면 끝점으로 옮겨 다시 `speakup + F2`를 누릅니다.
여러 줄이면 끝 행·열을 알리고, 한 줄이면 지정된 화면 줄이라고 말합니다. 한 줄 전체를 창으로 만들 때는 해당 줄 아무 위치에서 `speakup + F2`를 두 번 누르면 되며 줄 끝으로 이동할 필요가 없습니다.
16. Speakup 제어 도구
1161-1227Speakup 배포본의 `tools` 디렉터리에는 사용 편의를 위한 추가 도구가 있습니다. `speakupconf`는 Speakup 공동체의 Steve Holmes가 처음 기여한 스크립트이며, 배포판이 설치하지 않았다면 `/usr/local/bin` 또는 `/usr/bin`이 권장 위치입니다. 일반 사용자도 실행할 수 있습니다.
`speakupconf`는 앞에서 설명한 `/sys` 파일을 읽고 써서 설정을 저장·적재합니다. root가 실행하면 `/etc/speakup`, 일반 사용자가 실행하면 홈 디렉터리의 `~/.speakup`을 사용하므로 콘솔 사용자마다 개인 설정을 적재할 수 있습니다. 필수 인수는 `save` 또는 `load`이고, 두 번째 인수로 다른 디렉터리를 지정할 수 있습니다.
speakupconf savespeakupconf load`talkwith`의 초기 버전은 Speakup 공동체의 Charles Hallenbeck이 작성했습니다. root 권한이 필요하므로 배포판에 없다면 `/usr/local/sbin` 또는 `/usr/sbin`에 설치하는 것이 좋습니다. 합성기 이름을 인수로 받아 실행 중 즉시 전환하며, 다음은 DecTalk Express를 선택합니다.
talkwith dectlk소프트웨어 합성기로 바꿀 때는 데몬도 지정합니다. `spd`는 `speechd-up`의 약자이고 다른 선택은 `espeakup`입니다.
talkwith soft espeakuptalkwith soft spd데몬 이름 뒤 인수는 데몬에 그대로 전달됩니다. 다음 예는 espeakup에 프랑스어 기본 음성을 지정합니다. `talkwith`는 항상 root로 실행해야 하고 새 합성기를 켠 뒤 설정을 자동 적재하지 않으므로 필요하면 `speakupconf load`를 실행합니다.
talkwith espeakup --default-voice=fr`talkwith`에 합성기 지정→드라이버·데몬 활성화→`speakupconf load`로 설정 복원
`/speakup/synth`에 키워드 쓰기→필요한 모듈 자동 적재→볼륨·피치·속도 조정
하드웨어와 소프트웨어 합성기 모두 선택 뒤 필요할 때 개인 설정을 다시 적재합니다.
GNU 자유 문서 사용 허가서 1.2: 서문
1228-1260GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2, 2002년 11월. 저작권은 2000·2001·2002년 Free Software Foundation, Inc.에 있습니다. 누구나 이 라이선스 문서의 축자 사본을 복제·배포할 수 있지만 변경할 수는 없습니다.
이 라이선스는 설명서·교과서·기타 기능적이고 유용한 문서를 자유라는 의미에서 자유롭게 만들기 위한 것입니다. 상업적이든 비상업적이든 수정 여부와 관계없이 누구나 실제로 복제·재배포할 자유를 보장하며, 동시에 다른 사람이 한 수정에 책임을 지우지 않으면서 저자와 출판자가 공로를 인정받을 방법을 보존합니다.
이는 파생 문서도 같은 의미로 자유로워야 하는 `copyleft` 라이선스이며 자유 소프트웨어용 GNU General Public License를 보완합니다. 자유 소프트웨어에는 소프트웨어와 같은 자유를 주는 문서가 필요하므로 설명서용으로 설계했지만, 주제나 인쇄 출판 여부와 관계없이 모든 텍스트 저작물에 쓸 수 있습니다. 특히 교육·참조 목적 저작물에 권장합니다.
1. 적용 범위와 정의
1261-1347이 라이선스는 매체와 관계없이 저작권자가 이 조건에 따른 배포를 허용한다는 고지를 붙인 설명서 또는 기타 저작물에 적용됩니다. 고지는 아래 조건으로 전 세계에서 기간 제한 없이 로열티 없이 저작물을 사용할 권리를 부여합니다.
| 용어 | 정의 |
|---|---|
| 문서(Document) | 저작권자가 이 라이선스에 따른 배포를 허용한다는 고지를 붙인 모든 설명서나 저작물입니다. 일반 공중의 각 구성원이 사용권자이며, 저작권법상 허락이 필요한 방식으로 복제·수정·배포하면 라이선스를 수락한 것으로 봅니다. |
| 수정본(Modified Version) | 문서 전체나 일부를 그대로 복제하거나 수정하거나 다른 언어로 번역해 포함한 모든 저작물입니다. |
| 부차적 섹션(Secondary Section) | 저자·출판자와 문서의 전체 주제 사이의 관계만 다루며 그 주제 자체의 설명은 포함하지 않는 이름 있는 부록 또는 앞부분 섹션입니다. |
| 불변 섹션(Invariant Sections) | 라이선스 고지에서 불변으로 지정한 부차적 섹션입니다. 부차적 섹션 정의에 맞지 않으면 불변으로 지정할 수 없고, 지정이 없으면 불변 섹션도 없습니다. |
| 표지 문구(Cover Texts) | 라이선스 고지에 앞표지 또는 뒤표지 문구로 열거한 짧은 문구입니다. 앞표지는 최대 5단어, 뒤표지는 최대 25단어입니다. |
| 투명 사본(Transparent copy) | 공개된 형식 명세를 따르고 범용 편집 도구로 곧바로 수정할 수 있으며 텍스트 포매터 입력이나 다른 포맷으로 자동 변환하기 적합한 기계 판독 사본입니다. 독자의 후속 수정을 막도록 마크업을 꾸민 사본이나 상당한 텍스트를 이미지로 담은 사본은 투명하지 않습니다. |
| 불투명 사본(Opaque copy) | 투명 사본이 아닌 사본입니다. 공개 도구로 편집할 수 없는 독점 형식이나 출력만을 위해 생성된 HTML·PostScript·PDF 등이 예입니다. |
| 표제면(Title Page) | 인쇄물에서는 표제면과 필수 내용을 알아볼 수 있게 싣는 데 필요한 뒤쪽 면을 뜻합니다. 별도 표제면이 없는 형식에서는 본문에 앞서 제목이 가장 두드러지게 나타나는 곳 주변의 텍스트를 뜻합니다. |
| 'XYZ라는 제목의 섹션' | 제목이 정확히 XYZ이거나, 다른 언어 번역 제목 뒤 괄호 안에 XYZ를 포함한 문서 하위 단위입니다. '제목 보존'은 수정 뒤에도 이 정의를 충족하게 유지하는 것입니다. |
| 보증 부인(Warranty Disclaimers) | 이 라이선스가 적용된다는 고지 옆의 보증 부인은 보증을 부인하는 범위에서만 라이선스에 참조로 포함됩니다. 그 밖의 암시는 효력이 없습니다. |
투명 사본에 적합한 형식은 마크업 없는 일반 ASCII, Texinfo 입력, LaTeX 입력, 공개 DTD를 쓰는 SGML·XML, 사람이 수정하도록 설계된 표준 준수 단순 HTML·PostScript·PDF입니다. 투명 이미지 형식에는 PNG·XCF·JPG가 있습니다. 독점 워드프로세서만 읽고 편집할 수 있는 형식, DTD나 처리 도구가 일반에 제공되지 않는 SGML·XML, 일부 워드프로세서가 출력 전용으로 생성한 HTML·PostScript·PDF는 불투명 형식입니다.
2. 축자 복제
1348-1363이 라이선스, 저작권 고지, 이 라이선스가 문서에 적용된다는 라이선스 고지를 모든 사본에 재현하고 이 라이선스 외의 조건을 전혀 추가하지 않는다면 상업적·비상업적 여부와 매체에 관계없이 문서를 복제·배포할 수 있습니다. 만든 사본의 읽기 또는 추가 복제를 방해·통제하는 기술 조치를 사용할 수 없습니다.
사본의 대가를 받을 수 있습니다. 충분히 많은 사본을 배포하면 3절 조건도 따라야 합니다. 같은 조건으로 사본을 빌려주거나 공개 전시할 수도 있습니다.
3. 대량 복제
1364-1401표지가 통상 있는 매체의 인쇄 사본을 100부 넘게 발행하고 문서의 라이선스 고지가 표지 문구를 요구하면, 앞표지에는 모든 앞표지 문구를, 뒤표지에는 모든 뒤표지 문구를 분명하고 읽을 수 있게 실어야 합니다. 두 표지는 발행자를 분명히 식별해야 하고 앞표지는 제목의 모든 단어를 같은 정도로 두드러지고 보이게 표시해야 합니다. 다른 자료를 더할 수 있으며, 제목을 보존하고 조건을 충족하는 범위에서 표지만 바꾼 복제는 나머지 면에서 축자 복제로 봅니다.
필수 문구가 너무 길면 실제 표지에 합리적으로 들어가는 만큼 목록의 앞부분부터 싣고 나머지는 인접 면에 이어 싣습니다.
불투명 사본을 100부 넘게 발행·배포하면 각 불투명 사본에 기계 판독 투명 사본을 함께 넣거나, 표준 네트워크 프로토콜로 추가 자료 없는 완전한 투명 사본을 내려받을 수 있는 위치를 각 사본 안이나 함께 제공해야 합니다. 후자를 택하면 해당 판의 마지막 불투명 사본을 공중에 배포한 때부터 최소 1년 동안 그 위치에서 접근할 수 있도록 합리적으로 신중한 조치를 해야 합니다.
의무는 아니지만 많은 사본을 재배포하기 훨씬 전에 저자에게 연락해 갱신본을 제공할 기회를 주는 것이 요청됩니다.
4. 수정
1402-1486수정본이 문서의 역할을 대신하고 사본 보유자 누구에게나 수정본의 배포·수정을 허가하도록 정확히 이 라이선스로 공개한다면, 위 2절과 3절 조건에 따라 수정본을 복제·배포할 수 있습니다. 수정본은 다음 사항을 모두 지켜야 합니다.
- A. 표제면과 표지가 있다면 문서 및 이전 판과 구별되는 제목을 사용합니다. 원 출판자가 허락한 경우에만 이전 판과 같은 제목을 쓸 수 있습니다.
- B. 표제면에 수정본의 저작 책임자 한 명 이상과 문서의 주요 저자 다섯 명 이상을 저자로 적습니다. 주요 저자가 다섯 명 미만이면 모두 적으며, 저자가 이 의무를 면제한 경우는 예외입니다.
- C. 표제면에 수정본 출판자의 이름을 출판자로 표시합니다.
- D. 문서의 모든 저작권 고지를 보존합니다.
- E. 다른 저작권 고지 옆에 수정 사항에 대한 적절한 저작권 고지를 추가합니다.
- F. 저작권 고지 직후에 아래 부록 형식으로 공중이 이 라이선스에 따라 수정본을 사용할 수 있게 하는 라이선스 고지를 넣습니다.
- G. 그 고지에 원 문서 고지의 불변 섹션 및 필수 표지 문구 전체 목록을 보존합니다.
- H. 이 라이선스의 변경되지 않은 사본을 포함합니다.
- I. `History`라는 제목의 섹션과 제목을 보존하고, 표제면에 적힌 수정본의 제목·연도·새 저자·출판자를 최소한 기록합니다. 원 문서에 해당 섹션이 없으면 원 문서 정보를 적은 섹션을 만든 뒤 수정본 항목을 더합니다.
- J. 투명 사본과 기반이 된 이전 판에 공개 접근하도록 문서가 제시한 네트워크 위치를 보존합니다. 문서보다 최소 4년 전에 출판된 저작물이거나 해당 판의 원 출판자가 허락하면 위치를 생략할 수 있습니다.
- K. `Acknowledgements` 또는 `Dedications`라는 제목의 섹션은 제목과 각 기여자 감사·헌사의 내용 및 어조를 보존합니다.
- L. 모든 불변 섹션의 본문과 제목을 바꾸지 않습니다. 절 번호나 그에 상당하는 표시는 제목의 일부로 보지 않습니다.
- M. `Endorsements`라는 제목의 기존 섹션은 삭제하며 수정본에 포함하지 않습니다.
- N. 기존 섹션의 제목을 `Endorsements`로 바꾸거나 불변 섹션의 제목과 충돌하게 바꾸지 않습니다.
- O. 모든 보증 부인을 보존합니다.
수정본에 새 앞부분 섹션이나 부록을 넣었고 그것이 부차적 섹션 자격을 가지며 문서에서 복제한 내용을 담지 않는다면 일부 또는 전부를 불변으로 지정할 수 있습니다. 수정본의 라이선스 고지에 그 제목을 추가하며 다른 모든 섹션 제목과 구별되어야 합니다.
여러 당사자가 수정본을 보증하는 내용만 담는 `Endorsements` 섹션은 새로 추가할 수 있습니다. 동료 평가 결과나 어떤 조직이 표준의 권위 있는 정의로 승인했다는 진술 등이 예입니다.
수정본의 표지 문구 목록 끝에는 앞표지용 최대 5단어 한 문구와 뒤표지용 최대 25단어 한 문구를 추가할 수 있습니다. 한 주체는 각 표지에 한 문구만 추가할 수 있고, 자신 또는 자신을 대신한 같은 주체가 이미 같은 표지에 문구를 추가했다면 이전 출판자의 명시적 허락을 받아 교체할 수 있을 뿐 새 문구를 더할 수 없습니다.
이 라이선스는 문서의 저자와 출판자의 이름을 수정본 홍보에 사용하거나 그들이 수정본을 보증한다고 주장·암시할 권한을 주지 않습니다.
5. 문서 결합
1487-15114절의 수정본 조건에 따라 이 문서를 같은 라이선스의 다른 문서와 결합할 수 있습니다. 모든 원 문서의 불변 섹션을 변경하지 않고 포함하고, 결합 저작물의 라이선스 고지에 모두 불변 섹션으로 열거하며, 모든 보증 부인을 보존해야 합니다.
결합 저작물에는 이 라이선스 한 사본만 있으면 되고, 내용까지 같은 불변 섹션 여러 개는 한 사본으로 대체할 수 있습니다. 이름은 같지만 내용이 다른 불변 섹션은 제목 끝 괄호에 알려진 원 저자·출판자 이름이나 고유 번호를 붙여 구별하고 라이선스 고지 목록도 같은 방식으로 조정합니다.
각 원 문서의 `History` 섹션은 하나의 `History`로, `Acknowledgements`와 `Dedications`도 각각 하나로 합칩니다. 모든 `Endorsements` 섹션은 삭제합니다.
6. 문서 모음
1512-1525문서와 이 라이선스로 공개된 다른 문서로 모음을 만들고, 각 문서에 있던 라이선스 사본을 모음에 한 번만 넣은 사본으로 대체할 수 있습니다. 그 밖의 모든 면에서는 각 문서의 축자 복제 규칙을 따라야 합니다.
그 모음에서 문서 하나를 추출해 개별 배포할 수도 있습니다. 추출 문서에 이 라이선스 사본을 넣고 그 문서의 축자 복제에 관한 나머지 조건을 모두 따라야 합니다.
7. 독립 저작물과의 집합
1526-1545문서 또는 그 파생물과 별개이고 독립적인 문서·저작물을 저장·배포 매체의 한 권에 함께 편집한 것을 `집합(aggregate)`이라 합니다. 다만 편집물의 저작권을 이용해 각 저작물이 허용하는 범위를 넘어 사용자의 법적 권리를 제한하지 않아야 합니다. 문서가 집합에 포함되어도 문서의 파생물이 아닌 다른 저작물에는 이 라이선스가 적용되지 않습니다.
3절의 표지 문구 조건이 해당 문서 사본에 적용되고 문서가 전체 집합의 절반보다 작다면, 표지 문구를 집합 안에서 문서 앞뒤를 감싸는 표지 또는 전자적 상당물에 둘 수 있습니다. 그렇지 않으면 집합 전체를 감싸는 인쇄 표지에 실어야 합니다.
8. 번역
1546-1566번역은 수정의 한 종류이므로 4절 조건에 따라 문서 번역본을 배포할 수 있습니다. 불변 섹션을 번역으로 대체하려면 저작권자의 특별 허가가 필요하지만, 불변 섹션 원문에 더해 일부 또는 전체 번역을 함께 포함할 수 있습니다.
이 라이선스, 문서의 모든 라이선스 고지, 보증 부인의 번역을 포함할 수 있으나 이 라이선스의 영어 원문과 해당 고지·부인의 원문도 함께 포함해야 합니다. 번역과 원문이 충돌하면 원문이 우선합니다.
문서에 `Acknowledgements`, `Dedications`, `History`라는 제목의 섹션이 있다면 4절의 제목 보존 의무와 1절 정의 때문에 실제 번역 제목을 조정해야 하는 경우가 일반적입니다.
9. 종료
1567-1577이 라이선스가 명시적으로 허용한 경우 외에는 문서를 복제·수정·재사용 허가·배포할 수 없습니다. 그 밖의 시도는 무효이며 이 라이선스에 따른 권리를 자동으로 종료합니다. 다만 사용자에게서 사본이나 권리를 받은 당사자가 조건을 계속 완전히 준수한다면 그 당사자의 라이선스는 종료되지 않습니다.
10. 향후 개정
1578-1595Free Software Foundation은 때때로 GNU Free Documentation License의 새 개정판을 발표할 수 있습니다. 새 버전은 현재 버전과 정신은 비슷하지만 새로운 문제나 우려를 다루기 위해 세부 내용이 달라질 수 있습니다. `https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/`를 참조합니다.
각 버전에는 구별되는 버전 번호가 있습니다. 문서가 특정 번호 버전 `또는 이후 버전`을 적용한다고 하면 지정 버전이나 Free Software Foundation이 초안이 아닌 형태로 발표한 이후 버전 중 하나의 조건을 선택할 수 있습니다. 문서가 버전을 지정하지 않으면 초안이 아닌 형태로 발표된 어떤 버전이든 선택할 수 있습니다.
부록: 이 라이선스를 문서에 적용하는 법
1596-1625작성한 문서에 이 라이선스를 적용하려면 라이선스 사본을 문서에 넣고 표제면 바로 뒤에 다음 저작권·라이선스 고지를 둡니다. `YEAR`와 `YOUR NAME`은 실제 연도와 이름으로 바꿉니다.
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".불변 섹션, 앞표지 문구, 뒤표지 문구가 있다면 `with...Texts.` 줄을 다음 문구로 바꾸고 각 목록을 채웁니다.
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.불변 섹션은 있지만 표지 문구가 없는 경우처럼 세 요소의 조합이 다르면 두 대안을 상황에 맞게 합칩니다. 문서에 사소하지 않은 프로그램 코드 예제가 있다면 자유 소프트웨어에서 사용할 수 있도록 GNU General Public License 같은 선택한 자유 소프트웨어 라이선스로 그 예제를 병행 공개하는 것이 권장됩니다. 이것으로 문서가 끝납니다.
요약과 해설
spkguide.txt:1-1625Speakup은 Linux 콘솔 경로에 통합된 화면 읽기 기능입니다. 하드웨어 합성기는 커널 부팅 초기부터 사용할 수 있고, Espeakup·Speech Dispatcher 같은 소프트웨어 합성기는 사용자 공간 데몬이 시작된 뒤 사용할 수 있습니다. 설정은 `/sys/accessibility/speakup` 또는 편의 링크 `/speakup`에서 읽고 쓸 수 있습니다.
일상 사용의 핵심은 Num Lock을 끈 키패드 검토 키, keypad Insert인 speakup 보조 키, 합성기별 sysfs 디렉터리입니다. 키맵·언어·창·커서 추적은 세션 성격이 강하므로 `speakupconf`로 저장·복원하고, root 전용 sysfs 항목은 의미를 확인한 뒤 다뤄야 합니다.
후반의 GNU FDL 1.2는 이 설명서의 배포 조건 자체입니다. 번역은 수정으로 취급되며 라이선스와 고지의 영어 원문도 함께 제공해야 하고 충돌 시 원문이 우선합니다. 이 페이지는 접을 수 있는 영어 원문 전체와 한국어 번역을 함께 제공해 해당 조건과 기술 문맥을 보존합니다.
부팅 구성부터 개인 설정 저장까지의 대표 흐름입니다.