요약·해설과 원문, 전문 번역을 서로 분리했습니다. API 이름, symbol, source path는 원문 표기를 사용합니다.
1. 요약·해설
원문의 핵심 논리와 kernel programming 관점의 보충 설명입니다. 아래의 전문 번역과는 별도로 작성했습니다.
2. 영어 원문 전체
번역 기준이 된 Linux v6.18.37 원문입니다. 줄 번호는 이 버전의 파일 좌표입니다.
원문 전체 펼치기
==================
NUMA Memory Policy
==================
What is NUMA Memory Policy?
============================
In the Linux kernel, "memory policy" determines from which node the kernel will
allocate memory in a NUMA system or in an emulated NUMA system. Linux has
supported platforms with Non-Uniform Memory Access architectures since 2.4.?.
The current memory policy support was added to Linux 2.6 around May 2004. This
document attempts to describe the concepts and APIs of the 2.6 memory policy
support.
Memory policies should not be confused with cpusets
(``Documentation/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.rst``)
which is an administrative mechanism for restricting the nodes from which
memory may be allocated by a set of processes. Memory policies are a
programming interface that a NUMA-aware application can take advantage of. When
both cpusets and policies are applied to a task, the restrictions of the cpuset
takes priority. See :ref:`Memory Policies and cpusets <mem_pol_and_cpusets>`
below for more details.
Memory Policy Concepts
======================
Scope of Memory Policies
------------------------
The Linux kernel supports _scopes_ of memory policy, described here from
most general to most specific:
System Default Policy
this policy is "hard coded" into the kernel. It is the policy
that governs all page allocations that aren't controlled by
one of the more specific policy scopes discussed below. When
the system is "up and running", the system default policy will
use "local allocation" described below. However, during boot
up, the system default policy will be set to interleave
allocations across all nodes with "sufficient" memory, so as
not to overload the initial boot node with boot-time
allocations.
Task/Process Policy
this is an optional, per-task policy. When defined for a
specific task, this policy controls all page allocations made
by or on behalf of the task that aren't controlled by a more
specific scope. If a task does not define a task policy, then
all page allocations that would have been controlled by the
task policy "fall back" to the System Default Policy.
The task policy applies to the entire address space of a task. Thus,
it is inheritable, and indeed is inherited, across both fork()
[clone() w/o the CLONE_VM flag] and exec*(). This allows a parent task
to establish the task policy for a child task exec()'d from an
executable image that has no awareness of memory policy. See the
:ref:`Memory Policy APIs <memory_policy_apis>` section,
below, for an overview of the system call
that a task may use to set/change its task/process policy.
In a multi-threaded task, task policies apply only to the thread
[Linux kernel task] that installs the policy and any threads
subsequently created by that thread. Any sibling threads existing
at the time a new task policy is installed retain their current
policy.
A task policy applies only to pages allocated after the policy is
installed. Any pages already faulted in by the task when the task
changes its task policy remain where they were allocated based on
the policy at the time they were allocated.
.. _vma_policy:
VMA Policy
A "VMA" or "Virtual Memory Area" refers to a range of a task's
virtual address space. A task may define a specific policy for a range
of its virtual address space. See the
:ref:`Memory Policy APIs <memory_policy_apis>` section,
below, for an overview of the mbind() system call used to set a VMA
policy.
A VMA policy will govern the allocation of pages that back
this region of the address space. Any regions of the task's
address space that don't have an explicit VMA policy will fall
back to the task policy, which may itself fall back to the
System Default Policy.
VMA policies have a few complicating details:
* VMA policy applies ONLY to anonymous pages. These include
pages allocated for anonymous segments, such as the task
stack and heap, and any regions of the address space
mmap()ed with the MAP_ANONYMOUS flag. If a VMA policy is
applied to a file mapping, it will be ignored if the mapping
used the MAP_SHARED flag. If the file mapping used the
MAP_PRIVATE flag, the VMA policy will only be applied when
an anonymous page is allocated on an attempt to write to the
mapping-- i.e., at Copy-On-Write.
* VMA policies are shared between all tasks that share a
virtual address space--a.k.a. threads--independent of when
the policy is installed; and they are inherited across
fork(). However, because VMA policies refer to a specific
region of a task's address space, and because the address
space is discarded and recreated on exec*(), VMA policies
are NOT inheritable across exec(). Thus, only NUMA-aware
applications may use VMA policies.
* A task may install a new VMA policy on a sub-range of a
previously mmap()ed region. When this happens, Linux splits
the existing virtual memory area into 2 or 3 VMAs, each with
its own policy.
* By default, VMA policy applies only to pages allocated after
the policy is installed. Any pages already faulted into the
VMA range remain where they were allocated based on the
policy at the time they were allocated. However, since
2.6.16, Linux supports page migration via the mbind() system
call, so that page contents can be moved to match a newly
installed policy.
Shared Policy
Conceptually, shared policies apply to "memory objects" mapped
shared into one or more tasks' distinct address spaces. An
application installs shared policies the same way as VMA
policies--using the mbind() system call specifying a range of
virtual addresses that map the shared object. However, unlike
VMA policies, which can be considered to be an attribute of a
range of a task's address space, shared policies apply
directly to the shared object. Thus, all tasks that attach to
the object share the policy, and all pages allocated for the
shared object, by any task, will obey the shared policy.
As of 2.6.22, only shared memory segments, created by shmget() or
mmap(MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_SHARED), support shared policy. When shared
policy support was added to Linux, the associated data structures were
added to hugetlbfs shmem segments. At the time, hugetlbfs did not
support allocation at fault time--a.k.a lazy allocation--so hugetlbfs
shmem segments were never "hooked up" to the shared policy support.
Although hugetlbfs segments now support lazy allocation, their support
for shared policy has not been completed.
As mentioned above in :ref:`VMA policies <vma_policy>` section,
allocations of page cache pages for regular files mmap()ed
with MAP_SHARED ignore any VMA policy installed on the virtual
address range backed by the shared file mapping. Rather,
shared page cache pages, including pages backing private
mappings that have not yet been written by the task, follow
task policy, if any, else System Default Policy.
The shared policy infrastructure supports different policies on subset
ranges of the shared object. However, Linux still splits the VMA of
the task that installs the policy for each range of distinct policy.
Thus, different tasks that attach to a shared memory segment can have
different VMA configurations mapping that one shared object. This
can be seen by examining the /proc/<pid>/numa_maps of tasks sharing
a shared memory region, when one task has installed shared policy on
one or more ranges of the region.
Components of Memory Policies
-----------------------------
A NUMA memory policy consists of a "mode", optional mode flags, and
an optional set of nodes. The mode determines the behavior of the
policy, the optional mode flags determine the behavior of the mode,
and the optional set of nodes can be viewed as the arguments to the
policy behavior.
Internally, memory policies are implemented by a reference counted
structure, struct mempolicy. Details of this structure will be
discussed in context, below, as required to explain the behavior.
NUMA memory policy supports the following 4 behavioral modes:
Default Mode--MPOL_DEFAULT
This mode is only used in the memory policy APIs. Internally,
MPOL_DEFAULT is converted to the NULL memory policy in all
policy scopes. Any existing non-default policy will simply be
removed when MPOL_DEFAULT is specified. As a result,
MPOL_DEFAULT means "fall back to the next most specific policy
scope."
For example, a NULL or default task policy will fall back to the
system default policy. A NULL or default vma policy will fall
back to the task policy.
When specified in one of the memory policy APIs, the Default mode
does not use the optional set of nodes.
It is an error for the set of nodes specified for this policy to
be non-empty.
MPOL_BIND
This mode specifies that memory must come from the set of
nodes specified by the policy. Memory will be allocated from
the node in the set with sufficient free memory that is
closest to the node where the allocation takes place.
MPOL_PREFERRED
This mode specifies that the allocation should be attempted
from the single node specified in the policy. If that
allocation fails, the kernel will search other nodes, in order
of increasing distance from the preferred node based on
information provided by the platform firmware.
Internally, the Preferred policy uses a single node--the
preferred_node member of struct mempolicy. When the internal
mode flag MPOL_F_LOCAL is set, the preferred_node is ignored
and the policy is interpreted as local allocation. "Local"
allocation policy can be viewed as a Preferred policy that
starts at the node containing the cpu where the allocation
takes place.
It is possible for the user to specify that local allocation
is always preferred by passing an empty nodemask with this
mode. If an empty nodemask is passed, the policy cannot use
the MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES or MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES flags
described below.
MPOL_INTERLEAVED
This mode specifies that page allocations be interleaved, on a
page granularity, across the nodes specified in the policy.
This mode also behaves slightly differently, based on the
context where it is used:
For allocation of anonymous pages and shared memory pages,
Interleave mode indexes the set of nodes specified by the
policy using the page offset of the faulting address into the
segment [VMA] containing the address modulo the number of
nodes specified by the policy. It then attempts to allocate a
page, starting at the selected node, as if the node had been
specified by a Preferred policy or had been selected by a
local allocation. That is, allocation will follow the per
node zonelist.
For allocation of page cache pages, Interleave mode indexes
the set of nodes specified by the policy using a node counter
maintained per task. This counter wraps around to the lowest
specified node after it reaches the highest specified node.
This will tend to spread the pages out over the nodes
specified by the policy based on the order in which they are
allocated, rather than based on any page offset into an
address range or file. During system boot up, the temporary
interleaved system default policy works in this mode.
MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY
This mode specifies that the allocation should be preferably
satisfied from the nodemask specified in the policy. If there is
a memory pressure on all nodes in the nodemask, the allocation
can fall back to all existing numa nodes. This is effectively
MPOL_PREFERRED allowed for a mask rather than a single node.
MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE
This mode operates the same as MPOL_INTERLEAVE, except that
interleaving behavior is executed based on weights set in
/sys/kernel/mm/mempolicy/weighted_interleave/
Weighted interleave allocates pages on nodes according to a
weight. For example if nodes [0,1] are weighted [5,2], 5 pages
will be allocated on node0 for every 2 pages allocated on node1.
NUMA memory policy supports the following optional mode flags:
MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES
This flag specifies that the nodemask passed by
the user should not be remapped if the task or VMA's set of allowed
nodes changes after the memory policy has been defined.
Without this flag, any time a mempolicy is rebound because of a
change in the set of allowed nodes, the preferred nodemask (Preferred
Many), preferred node (Preferred) or nodemask (Bind, Interleave) is
remapped to the new set of allowed nodes. This may result in nodes
being used that were previously undesired.
With this flag, if the user-specified nodes overlap with the
nodes allowed by the task's cpuset, then the memory policy is
applied to their intersection. If the two sets of nodes do not
overlap, the Default policy is used.
For example, consider a task that is attached to a cpuset with
mems 1-3 that sets an Interleave policy over the same set. If
the cpuset's mems change to 3-5, the Interleave will now occur
over nodes 3, 4, and 5. With this flag, however, since only node
3 is allowed from the user's nodemask, the "interleave" only
occurs over that node. If no nodes from the user's nodemask are
now allowed, the Default behavior is used.
MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES cannot be combined with the
MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES flag. It also cannot be used for
MPOL_PREFERRED policies that were created with an empty nodemask
(local allocation).
MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES
This flag specifies that the nodemask passed
by the user will be mapped relative to the set of the task or VMA's
set of allowed nodes. The kernel stores the user-passed nodemask,
and if the allowed nodes changes, then that original nodemask will
be remapped relative to the new set of allowed nodes.
Without this flag (and without MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES), anytime a
mempolicy is rebound because of a change in the set of allowed
nodes, the node (Preferred) or nodemask (Bind, Interleave) is
remapped to the new set of allowed nodes. That remap may not
preserve the relative nature of the user's passed nodemask to its
set of allowed nodes upon successive rebinds: a nodemask of
1,3,5 may be remapped to 7-9 and then to 1-3 if the set of
allowed nodes is restored to its original state.
With this flag, the remap is done so that the node numbers from
the user's passed nodemask are relative to the set of allowed
nodes. In other words, if nodes 0, 2, and 4 are set in the user's
nodemask, the policy will be effected over the first (and in the
Bind or Interleave case, the third and fifth) nodes in the set of
allowed nodes. The nodemask passed by the user represents nodes
relative to task or VMA's set of allowed nodes.
If the user's nodemask includes nodes that are outside the range
of the new set of allowed nodes (for example, node 5 is set in
the user's nodemask when the set of allowed nodes is only 0-3),
then the remap wraps around to the beginning of the nodemask and,
if not already set, sets the node in the mempolicy nodemask.
For example, consider a task that is attached to a cpuset with
mems 2-5 that sets an Interleave policy over the same set with
MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES. If the cpuset's mems change to 3-7, the
interleave now occurs over nodes 3,5-7. If the cpuset's mems
then change to 0,2-3,5, then the interleave occurs over nodes
0,2-3,5.
Thanks to the consistent remapping, applications preparing
nodemasks to specify memory policies using this flag should
disregard their current, actual cpuset imposed memory placement
and prepare the nodemask as if they were always located on
memory nodes 0 to N-1, where N is the number of memory nodes the
policy is intended to manage. Let the kernel then remap to the
set of memory nodes allowed by the task's cpuset, as that may
change over time.
MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES cannot be combined with the
MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES flag. It also cannot be used for
MPOL_PREFERRED policies that were created with an empty nodemask
(local allocation).
Memory Policy Reference Counting
================================
To resolve use/free races, struct mempolicy contains an atomic reference
count field. Internal interfaces, mpol_get()/mpol_put() increment and
decrement this reference count, respectively. mpol_put() will only free
the structure back to the mempolicy kmem cache when the reference count
goes to zero.
When a new memory policy is allocated, its reference count is initialized
to '1', representing the reference held by the task that is installing the
new policy. When a pointer to a memory policy structure is stored in another
structure, another reference is added, as the task's reference will be dropped
on completion of the policy installation.
During run-time "usage" of the policy, we attempt to minimize atomic operations
on the reference count, as this can lead to cache lines bouncing between cpus
and NUMA nodes. "Usage" here means one of the following:
1) querying of the policy, either by the task itself [using the get_mempolicy()
API discussed below] or by another task using the /proc/<pid>/numa_maps
interface.
2) examination of the policy to determine the policy mode and associated node
or node lists, if any, for page allocation. This is considered a "hot
path". Note that for MPOL_BIND, the "usage" extends across the entire
allocation process, which may sleep during page reclamation, because the
BIND policy nodemask is used, by reference, to filter ineligible nodes.
We can avoid taking an extra reference during the usages listed above as
follows:
1) we never need to get/free the system default policy as this is never
changed nor freed, once the system is up and running.
2) for querying the policy, we do not need to take an extra reference on the
target task's task policy nor vma policies because we always acquire the
task's mm's mmap_lock for read during the query. The set_mempolicy() and
mbind() APIs [see below] always acquire the mmap_lock for write when
installing or replacing task or vma policies. Thus, there is no possibility
of a task or thread freeing a policy while another task or thread is
querying it.
3) Page allocation usage of task or vma policy occurs in the fault path where
we hold them mmap_lock for read. Again, because replacing the task or vma
policy requires that the mmap_lock be held for write, the policy can't be
freed out from under us while we're using it for page allocation.
4) Shared policies require special consideration. One task can replace a
shared memory policy while another task, with a distinct mmap_lock, is
querying or allocating a page based on the policy. To resolve this
potential race, the shared policy infrastructure adds an extra reference
to the shared policy during lookup while holding a spin lock on the shared
policy management structure. This requires that we drop this extra
reference when we're finished "using" the policy. We must drop the
extra reference on shared policies in the same query/allocation paths
used for non-shared policies. For this reason, shared policies are marked
as such, and the extra reference is dropped "conditionally"--i.e., only
for shared policies.
Because of this extra reference counting, and because we must lookup
shared policies in a tree structure under spinlock, shared policies are
more expensive to use in the page allocation path. This is especially
true for shared policies on shared memory regions shared by tasks running
on different NUMA nodes. This extra overhead can be avoided by always
falling back to task or system default policy for shared memory regions,
or by prefaulting the entire shared memory region into memory and locking
it down. However, this might not be appropriate for all applications.
.. _memory_policy_apis:
Memory Policy APIs
==================
Linux supports 4 system calls for controlling memory policy. These APIS
always affect only the calling task, the calling task's address space, or
some shared object mapped into the calling task's address space.
.. note::
the headers that define these APIs and the parameter data types for
user space applications reside in a package that is not part of the
Linux kernel. The kernel system call interfaces, with the 'sys\_'
prefix, are defined in <linux/syscalls.h>; the mode and flag
definitions are defined in <linux/mempolicy.h>.
Set [Task] Memory Policy::
long set_mempolicy(int mode, const unsigned long *nmask,
unsigned long maxnode);
Set's the calling task's "task/process memory policy" to mode
specified by the 'mode' argument and the set of nodes defined by
'nmask'. 'nmask' points to a bit mask of node ids containing at least
'maxnode' ids. Optional mode flags may be passed by combining the
'mode' argument with the flag (for example: MPOL_INTERLEAVE |
MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES).
See the set_mempolicy(2) man page for more details
Get [Task] Memory Policy or Related Information::
long get_mempolicy(int *mode,
const unsigned long *nmask, unsigned long maxnode,
void *addr, int flags);
Queries the "task/process memory policy" of the calling task, or the
policy or location of a specified virtual address, depending on the
'flags' argument.
See the get_mempolicy(2) man page for more details
Install VMA/Shared Policy for a Range of Task's Address Space::
long mbind(void *start, unsigned long len, int mode,
const unsigned long *nmask, unsigned long maxnode,
unsigned flags);
mbind() installs the policy specified by (mode, nmask, maxnodes) as a
VMA policy for the range of the calling task's address space specified
by the 'start' and 'len' arguments. Additional actions may be
requested via the 'flags' argument.
See the mbind(2) man page for more details.
Set home node for a Range of Task's Address Spacec::
long sys_set_mempolicy_home_node(unsigned long start, unsigned long len,
unsigned long home_node,
unsigned long flags);
sys_set_mempolicy_home_node set the home node for a VMA policy present in the
task's address range. The system call updates the home node only for the existing
mempolicy range. Other address ranges are ignored. A home node is the NUMA node
closest to which page allocation will come from. Specifying the home node override
the default allocation policy to allocate memory close to the local node for an
executing CPU.
Memory Policy Command Line Interface
====================================
Although not strictly part of the Linux implementation of memory policy,
a command line tool, numactl(8), exists that allows one to:
+ set the task policy for a specified program via set_mempolicy(2), fork(2) and
exec(2)
+ set the shared policy for a shared memory segment via mbind(2)
The numactl(8) tool is packaged with the run-time version of the library
containing the memory policy system call wrappers. Some distributions
package the headers and compile-time libraries in a separate development
package.
.. _mem_pol_and_cpusets:
Memory Policies and cpusets
===========================
Memory policies work within cpusets as described above. For memory policies
that require a node or set of nodes, the nodes are restricted to the set of
nodes whose memories are allowed by the cpuset constraints. If the nodemask
specified for the policy contains nodes that are not allowed by the cpuset and
MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES is not used, the intersection of the set of nodes
specified for the policy and the set of nodes with memory is used. If the
result is the empty set, the policy is considered invalid and cannot be
installed. If MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES is used, the policy's nodes are mapped
onto and folded into the task's set of allowed nodes as previously described.
The interaction of memory policies and cpusets can be problematic when tasks
in two cpusets share access to a memory region, such as shared memory segments
created by shmget() of mmap() with the MAP_ANONYMOUS and MAP_SHARED flags, and
any of the tasks install shared policy on the region, only nodes whose
memories are allowed in both cpusets may be used in the policies. Obtaining
this information requires "stepping outside" the memory policy APIs to use the
cpuset information and requires that one know in what cpusets other task might
be attaching to the shared region. Furthermore, if the cpusets' allowed
memory sets are disjoint, "local" allocation is the only valid policy.
3. 한국어 전문 번역
영어 원문의 문단 순서와 의미를 유지한 전체 번역입니다. 코드, 함수명, symbol과 URL은 원문 표기를 유지합니다.
NUMA memory policy란?
1-23Linux kernel의 memory policy는 NUMA 또는 emulated NUMA system에서 어느 node로부터 memory를 할당할지 정합니다. Linux는 2.4.?부터 Non-Uniform Memory Access architecture를 지원했고, 현재 형태의 memory-policy 지원은 2004년 5월 무렵 Linux 2.6에 추가되었습니다. 이 문서는 2.6 memory policy의 개념과 API를 설명합니다.
Memory policy는 process 집합이 memory를 할당할 수 있는 node를 관리자가 제한하는 cpuset과 다릅니다. Cpuset은 Documentation/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.rst의 administrative mechanism이고, memory policy는 NUMA-aware application용 programming interface입니다. 둘 다 적용되면 cpuset 제한이 우선합니다.
System·task policy scope
24-71Kernel은 가장 일반적인 system default부터 가장 구체적인 scope까지 여러 memory policy 범위를 지원합니다.
| Scope | 적용 대상 | 핵심 동작 |
|---|---|---|
| System default | 더 구체적인 policy가 없는 모든 allocation | 정상 동작 중 local allocation, boot 중에는 충분한 memory가 있는 모든 node에 interleave |
| Task/process | 설치한 thread와 이후 그 thread가 만든 thread의 allocation | 없으면 system default로 fallback; fork()와 exec*()에 상속 |
| VMA | task virtual address space의 특정 range | anonymous page와 private file mapping의 Copy-On-Write page에 적용 |
| Shared | 여러 address space에 shared mapping된 memory object | object에 붙으므로 attach한 모든 task와 object page가 공유 |
System Default Policy는 더 구체적인 scope가 다루지 않는 모든 page allocation을 제어합니다. 정상 가동 중에는 local allocation을 사용하지만 boot 중에는 초기 boot node에 allocation이 몰리지 않도록 충분한 memory가 있는 모든 node에 interleave합니다.
Optional task policy는 해당 task를 대신한 allocation까지 제어하며, 없으면 system default로 fallback합니다. Task 전체 address space에 적용되므로 fork(), CLONE_VM 없는 clone(), exec*()에 상속되어 NUMA를 모르는 child executable에도 parent가 policy를 설정할 수 있습니다.
Multi-threaded task에서는 policy를 설치한 Linux task와 그 뒤 이 thread가 만든 thread에만 적용됩니다. 이미 존재하던 sibling thread는 기존 policy를 유지합니다. 설치 전에 fault된 page도 원래 allocation policy가 정한 node에 그대로 남습니다.
VMA policy
72-121VMA(Virtual Memory Area) policy는 task virtual address space의 특정 range에 mbind()로 설치하며, 그 region을 backing할 page allocation을 제어합니다. 명시적 VMA policy가 없는 region은 task policy, 다시 system default로 fallback합니다.
| 규칙 | 동작 |
|---|---|
| 대상 page | stack·heap·MAP_ANONYMOUS anonymous page. File MAP_SHARED에서는 무시되고 MAP_PRIVATE은 Copy-On-Write 때만 적용 |
| 상속 | address space를 공유하는 thread와 fork()에 공유·상속되지만 exec*()에서는 address space가 재생성되어 상속되지 않음 |
| 부분 range | 기존 mmap region의 sub-range에 설치하면 Linux가 2개 또는 3개 VMA로 분할 |
| 기존 page | 기본적으로 새 allocation에만 적용. Linux 2.6.16부터 mbind() page migration으로 기존 page를 새 policy에 맞게 이동 가능 |
VMA policy는 anonymous segment의 stack·heap과 MAP_ANONYMOUS region에 적용됩니다. File MAP_SHARED mapping에서는 무시되며 MAP_PRIVATE file mapping에서는 write 시 anonymous page가 생기는 Copy-On-Write 때만 적용됩니다.
Virtual address space를 공유하는 모든 thread는 설치 시점과 관계없이 VMA policy를 공유하고 fork()에도 상속합니다. exec*()는 address space를 버리고 다시 만들기 때문에 상속하지 않아 NUMA-aware application만 VMA policy를 직접 활용할 수 있습니다.
Policy 구성과 Default mode
160-192NUMA memory policy는 mode, optional mode flag, optional node set으로 구성됩니다. Mode는 동작을, flag는 mode 동작의 변형을, node set은 그 동작의 argument를 정합니다. 내부 구현은 reference-counted struct mempolicy입니다.
원문은 네 가지 behavioral mode를 지원한다고 설명하지만, 이어지는 목록에는 기본 네 mode와 MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY, MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE 확장 mode도 포함됩니다.
MPOL_DEFAULT는 API에서만 사용되며 모든 scope에서 내부 NULL policy로 변환됩니다. 기존 non-default policy를 제거하고 다음으로 구체적인 scope로 fallback한다는 뜻입니다. Default task policy는 system default로, default VMA policy는 task policy로 fallback합니다.
MPOL_DEFAULT는 optional node set을 사용하지 않습니다. 이 mode에 non-empty nodemask를 넘기면 오류입니다.
Memory policy mode
193-261| Mode | 할당 동작 |
|---|---|
| MPOL_DEFAULT | 기존 non-default policy를 제거하고 다음으로 구체적인 scope로 fallback. 내부에서는 NULL policy이며 nodemask는 반드시 empty |
| MPOL_BIND | 지정 node set만 사용. Allocation node와 가장 가까우면서 free memory가 충분한 set 내 node에서 할당 |
| MPOL_PREFERRED | 단일 preferred node를 먼저 시도하고 실패하면 firmware distance 순으로 다른 node 검색. Empty nodemask는 local allocation |
| MPOL_INTERLEAVED | 지정 node에 page 단위 interleave. Anonymous/shared page는 VMA offset modulo node 수, page cache는 task별 counter 사용 |
| MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY | nodemask 내 node를 선호하고 모두 pressure 상태이면 모든 NUMA node로 fallback |
| MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE | /sys/kernel/mm/mempolicy/weighted_interleave/ weight에 따라 MPOL_INTERLEAVE 비율 조정 |
MPOL_PREFERRED는 struct mempolicy의 preferred_node 하나를 사용합니다. Internal MPOL_F_LOCAL flag가 있으면 preferred_node를 무시하고 allocation CPU가 속한 node부터 시작하는 local allocation으로 해석합니다. Empty nodemask로 local preference를 요청할 수 있지만 이 경우 MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES나 MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES를 쓸 수 없습니다.
MPOL_INTERLEAVED에서 anonymous/shared-memory page는 fault address가 속한 segment(VMA)의 page offset을 node 수로 modulo해 node를 고른 뒤 Preferred/local처럼 per-node zonelist를 따릅니다. Page-cache page는 task별 node counter를 사용하고 highest node 뒤 lowest node로 wrap하여 allocation 순서대로 분산합니다. Boot 중 임시 interleaved system default도 이 방식입니다.
MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY는 single node가 아닌 mask에 Preferred를 적용하며 mask의 모든 node가 memory pressure 상태이면 다른 모든 NUMA node로 fallback합니다. MPOL_WEIGHTED_INTERLEAVE는 /sys/kernel/mm/mempolicy/weighted_interleave/의 weight를 사용합니다. 예를 들어 node [0,1] weight가 [5,2]이면 node0의 5 page마다 node1에 2 page를 할당합니다.
MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES
262-292| Flag | 의미 |
|---|---|
| MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES | user nodemask를 allowed-node 변화 때 remap하지 않음. cpuset과 intersection만 적용하고 겹침이 없으면 Default |
| MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES | user nodemask 숫자를 allowed-node set 안의 상대 위치로 해석하고 allowed set이 바뀔 때 원래 mask에서 일관되게 remap |
Flag가 없으면 allowed-node set 변경으로 mempolicy를 rebind할 때 Preferred Many mask, Preferred node, Bind·Interleave mask를 새 allowed set에 remap하여 이전에 원하지 않던 node를 사용할 수 있습니다.
MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES가 있으면 user node와 task cpuset allowed node의 intersection에 policy를 적용하고 겹침이 없으면 Default를 사용합니다. 예를 들어 cpuset mems 1-3과 같은 Interleave policy에서 cpuset이 3-5로 바뀌면 flag 없이 3,4,5로 remap하지만 flag가 있으면 공통 node 3에서만 interleave합니다. 공통 node가 없으면 Default입니다.
MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES는 MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES와 함께 쓸 수 없고, empty nodemask로 만든 local-allocation MPOL_PREFERRED에도 사용할 수 없습니다.
MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES
293-343MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES는 user nodemask를 task 또는 VMA allowed-node set에 대한 상대 위치로 해석합니다. Kernel은 원래 user mask를 저장하고 allowed node가 바뀌면 그 원본을 새 set에 상대적으로 remap합니다.
두 flag가 없으면 연속 rebind가 상대 관계를 보존하지 않을 수 있습니다. 예를 들어 user mask 1,3,5가 allowed set 변화로 7-9에 remap된 뒤 원래 allowed set으로 돌아와도 1-3이 될 수 있습니다.
Relative flag에서 user mask의 0,2,4는 allowed set의 첫째·셋째·다섯째 node를 뜻합니다. 새 allowed set 범위 밖 위치는 mask 처음으로 wrap하고 아직 set되지 않은 node를 policy mask에 넣습니다.
예를 들어 cpuset mems 2-5에서 같은 Interleave policy를 relative로 설정한 뒤 mems가 3-7로 바뀌면 node 3,5-7에서 interleave합니다. 이어서 mems가 0,2-3,5로 바뀌면 node 0,2-3,5를 사용합니다.
Application은 현재 cpuset 배치를 무시하고 policy가 관리할 memory-node 수가 N이면 항상 0부터 N-1에 있다고 가정해 nodemask를 준비해야 합니다. Kernel이 시간에 따라 변하는 task cpuset allowed nodes로 remap합니다.
MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES는 MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES와 함께 쓸 수 없고 empty nodemask의 local MPOL_PREFERRED에도 사용할 수 없습니다.
Memory policy reference count
344-412Use/free race를 막기 위해 struct mempolicy에는 atomic reference count가 있습니다. Internal mpol_get()과 mpol_put()이 각각 증가·감소하며, count가 0일 때만 mpol_put()이 mempolicy kmem cache로 structure를 반환합니다.
새 policy는 설치 task가 가진 reference를 나타내는 1로 시작합니다. Policy pointer를 다른 structure에 저장하면 설치가 끝날 때 task reference가 drop될 것이므로 reference를 하나 더 추가합니다.
Runtime usage에서 atomic operation은 CPU와 NUMA node 사이 cache-line bouncing을 일으킬 수 있어 최소화합니다. Usage에는 get_mempolicy() 또는 /proc/<pid>/numa_maps query와 allocation용 mode·node 검사 두 가지가 포함됩니다. MPOL_BIND는 nodemask를 reference로 사용해 부적합 node를 filter하므로 reclaim 중 sleep할 수 있는 전체 allocation process가 usage 범위입니다.
| 경로 | Reference 처리 |
|---|---|
| System default | system 가동 뒤 변경·해제되지 않으므로 추가 reference가 필요 없음 |
| Policy query | target task mm의 mmap_lock read를 잡고 set_mempolicy()/mbind() 교체는 write lock을 잡으므로 추가 reference 불필요 |
| Page allocation | fault path가 mmap_lock read를 보유하므로 task/VMA policy가 사용 중 해제될 수 없음 |
| Shared policy | 다른 mmap_lock을 가진 task와 race할 수 있어 shared-policy tree spinlock 아래 lookup 중 extra reference를 얻고 사용 후 조건부 해제 |
Shared policy는 별도 mmap_lock을 가진 task가 동시에 교체·조회할 수 있어 tree lookup을 spinlock 아래 수행하면서 extra reference를 얻고 사용 뒤 shared policy에만 조건부로 drop합니다.
이 추가 reference와 spinlock tree lookup 때문에 shared policy는 page-allocation path에서 더 비쌉니다. 서로 다른 NUMA node에서 실행되는 task가 shared region을 공유하면 특히 그렇습니다. Shared region이 task/system default로 항상 fallback하게 하거나 region 전체를 prefault한 뒤 lock하면 overhead를 피할 수 있지만 모든 application에 적합하지는 않습니다.
Memory policy API
413-428Linux는 memory policy를 제어하는 네 system call을 지원합니다. 이 API는 calling task, 그 task address space 또는 그 address space에 mapping된 shared object에만 영향을 줍니다.
| API | 역할 |
|---|---|
| set_mempolicy() | calling task의 task/process policy를 mode와 nmask로 설정 |
| get_mempolicy() | calling task policy 또는 flags에 따라 특정 virtual address의 policy·location 조회 |
| mbind() | calling task address-space range에 VMA/shared policy를 설치하고 flags로 추가 action 요청 |
| sys_set_mempolicy_home_node() | 기존 mempolicy range의 home node만 갱신하고 다른 address range는 무시 |
User-space API header와 parameter type은 kernel 밖 별도 package에 있습니다. sys_ prefix의 kernel system-call interface는 <linux/syscalls.h>, mode와 flag 정의는 <linux/mempolicy.h>에 있습니다.
set_mempolicy()
429-442long set_mempolicy(int mode, const unsigned long *nmask,
unsigned long maxnode);
set_mempolicy()는 calling task의 task/process memory policy를 mode와 nmask가 정한 node set으로 설정합니다. nmask는 최소 maxnode개의 node id를 담는 bit mask입니다. Optional flag는 MPOL_INTERLEAVE | MPOL_F_STATIC_NODES처럼 mode와 OR하여 전달합니다. 자세한 내용은 set_mempolicy(2) man page를 참조합니다.
get_mempolicy()
443-455long get_mempolicy(int *mode,
const unsigned long *nmask, unsigned long maxnode,
void *addr, int flags);
get_mempolicy()는 flags에 따라 calling task의 task/process policy 또는 지정 virtual address의 policy나 physical location을 조회합니다. 자세한 내용은 get_mempolicy(2) man page를 참조합니다.
mbind()
456-469long mbind(void *start, unsigned long len, int mode,
const unsigned long *nmask, unsigned long maxnode,
unsigned flags);
mbind()는 mode, nmask, maxnodes가 지정한 policy를 start와 len으로 정한 calling task address-space range의 VMA policy로 설치합니다. flags로 추가 action을 요청할 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 mbind(2) man page를 참조합니다.
Home node 설정
470-483long sys_set_mempolicy_home_node(unsigned long start, unsigned long len,
unsigned long home_node,
unsigned long flags);
sys_set_mempolicy_home_node()는 task address range에 이미 존재하는 VMA policy의 home node만 갱신하고 다른 range는 무시합니다. Home node는 page allocation이 가능한 한 가까운 곳에서 이뤄질 NUMA node이며, 실행 CPU의 local node 가까이 할당하는 기본 policy를 override합니다.
numactl command line
484-499Linux memory-policy 구현 자체는 아니지만 numactl(8)은 set_mempolicy(2), fork(2), exec(2)를 이용해 지정 program의 task policy를 설정하고, mbind(2)로 shared-memory segment의 shared policy를 설정합니다.
numactl(8)은 memory-policy system-call wrapper library의 runtime version과 함께 package됩니다. 일부 distribution은 header와 compile-time library를 별도 development package로 제공합니다.
Memory policy와 cpuset
500-523Node 또는 node set이 필요한 memory policy는 cpuset이 memory를 허용한 node로 제한됩니다. MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES가 없으면 policy nodemask와 cpuset allowed-memory node의 intersection을 사용하며 결과가 empty이면 policy가 invalid라 설치할 수 없습니다. Relative flag가 있으면 앞에서 설명한 대로 task allowed set에 mapping하고 fold합니다.
| 상황 | 결과 |
|---|---|
| 일반 nodemask | Policy node와 cpuset-allowed memory node의 intersection 사용. Empty면 invalid policy |
| MPOL_F_RELATIVE_NODES | Policy node를 task allowed-node set에 상대적으로 mapping하고 범위를 넘으면 fold |
| 공유 region·서로 다른 cpuset | 모든 참여 cpuset에서 공통 허용되는 node만 사용. Allowed set이 disjoint이면 local allocation만 유효 |
두 cpuset의 task가 shmget() 또는 MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_SHARED mmap() shared region을 함께 쓰고 task 하나가 shared policy를 설치하면 양쪽 cpuset 모두에서 memory가 허용된 node만 사용할 수 있습니다. 이를 알아내려면 memory-policy API 밖의 cpuset 정보와 다른 attach task의 cpuset을 알아야 합니다. Allowed-memory set이 서로 겹치지 않으면 local allocation만 유효합니다.
운영 핵심
numa_memory_policy.rst:1-523NUMA memory policy는 allocation node를 application이 제어하는 계층형 interface입니다. 가장 구체적인 scope가 우선하지만 cpuset 제한을 넘을 수 없으며, allowed-node 변화에 대한 static·relative nodemask 의미를 명확히 선택해야 합니다.