요약·해설과 원문, 전문 번역을 서로 분리했습니다. API 이름, symbol, source path는 원문 표기를 사용합니다.
1. 요약·해설
원문의 핵심 논리와 kernel programming 관점의 보충 설명입니다. 아래의 전문 번역과는 별도로 작성했습니다.
Filesystem usage
cgroups.rst:288-492Release notification, cpuset job, mount lifecycle, tasks/cgroup.procs와 named hierarchy를 다룹니다.
Kernel API and xattrs
cgroups.rst:493-697Subsystem lifecycle·attach callback, synchronization, xattr와 command pitfalls를 정리합니다.
2. 영어 원문 전체
번역 기준이 된 Linux v6.18.37 원문입니다. 줄 번호는 이 버전의 파일 좌표입니다.
원문 전체 펼치기
==============
Control Groups
==============
Written by Paul Menage <menage@google.com> based on
Documentation/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.rst
Original copyright statements from cpusets.txt:
Portions Copyright (C) 2004 BULL SA.
Portions Copyright (c) 2004-2006 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
Modified by Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Modified by Christoph Lameter <cl@gentwo.org>
.. CONTENTS:
1. Control Groups
1.1 What are cgroups ?
1.2 Why are cgroups needed ?
1.3 How are cgroups implemented ?
1.4 What does notify_on_release do ?
1.5 What does clone_children do ?
1.6 How do I use cgroups ?
2. Usage Examples and Syntax
2.1 Basic Usage
2.2 Attaching processes
2.3 Mounting hierarchies by name
3. Kernel API
3.1 Overview
3.2 Synchronization
3.3 Subsystem API
4. Extended attributes usage
5. Questions
1. Control Groups
=================
1.1 What are cgroups ?
----------------------
Control Groups provide a mechanism for aggregating/partitioning sets of
tasks, and all their future children, into hierarchical groups with
specialized behaviour.
Definitions:
A *cgroup* associates a set of tasks with a set of parameters for one
or more subsystems.
A *subsystem* is a module that makes use of the task grouping
facilities provided by cgroups to treat groups of tasks in
particular ways. A subsystem is typically a "resource controller" that
schedules a resource or applies per-cgroup limits, but it may be
anything that wants to act on a group of processes, e.g. a
virtualization subsystem.
A *hierarchy* is a set of cgroups arranged in a tree, such that
every task in the system is in exactly one of the cgroups in the
hierarchy, and a set of subsystems; each subsystem has system-specific
state attached to each cgroup in the hierarchy. Each hierarchy has
an instance of the cgroup virtual filesystem associated with it.
At any one time there may be multiple active hierarchies of task
cgroups. Each hierarchy is a partition of all tasks in the system.
User-level code may create and destroy cgroups by name in an
instance of the cgroup virtual file system, specify and query to
which cgroup a task is assigned, and list the task PIDs assigned to
a cgroup. Those creations and assignments only affect the hierarchy
associated with that instance of the cgroup file system.
On their own, the only use for cgroups is for simple job
tracking. The intention is that other subsystems hook into the generic
cgroup support to provide new attributes for cgroups, such as
accounting/limiting the resources which processes in a cgroup can
access. For example, cpusets (see Documentation/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.rst) allow
you to associate a set of CPUs and a set of memory nodes with the
tasks in each cgroup.
.. _cgroups-why-needed:
1.2 Why are cgroups needed ?
----------------------------
There are multiple efforts to provide process aggregations in the
Linux kernel, mainly for resource-tracking purposes. Such efforts
include cpusets, CKRM/ResGroups, UserBeanCounters, and virtual server
namespaces. These all require the basic notion of a
grouping/partitioning of processes, with newly forked processes ending
up in the same group (cgroup) as their parent process.
The kernel cgroup patch provides the minimum essential kernel
mechanisms required to efficiently implement such groups. It has
minimal impact on the system fast paths, and provides hooks for
specific subsystems such as cpusets to provide additional behaviour as
desired.
Multiple hierarchy support is provided to allow for situations where
the division of tasks into cgroups is distinctly different for
different subsystems - having parallel hierarchies allows each
hierarchy to be a natural division of tasks, without having to handle
complex combinations of tasks that would be present if several
unrelated subsystems needed to be forced into the same tree of
cgroups.
At one extreme, each resource controller or subsystem could be in a
separate hierarchy; at the other extreme, all subsystems
would be attached to the same hierarchy.
As an example of a scenario (originally proposed by vatsa@in.ibm.com)
that can benefit from multiple hierarchies, consider a large
university server with various users - students, professors, system
tasks etc. The resource planning for this server could be along the
following lines::
CPU : "Top cpuset"
/ \
CPUSet1 CPUSet2
| |
(Professors) (Students)
In addition (system tasks) are attached to topcpuset (so
that they can run anywhere) with a limit of 20%
Memory : Professors (50%), Students (30%), system (20%)
Disk : Professors (50%), Students (30%), system (20%)
Network : WWW browsing (20%), Network File System (60%), others (20%)
/ \
Professors (15%) students (5%)
Browsers like Firefox/Lynx go into the WWW network class, while (k)nfsd goes
into the NFS network class.
At the same time Firefox/Lynx will share an appropriate CPU/Memory class
depending on who launched it (prof/student).
With the ability to classify tasks differently for different resources
(by putting those resource subsystems in different hierarchies),
the admin can easily set up a script which receives exec notifications
and depending on who is launching the browser he can::
# echo browser_pid > /sys/fs/cgroup/<restype>/<userclass>/tasks
With only a single hierarchy, he now would potentially have to create
a separate cgroup for every browser launched and associate it with
appropriate network and other resource class. This may lead to
proliferation of such cgroups.
Also let's say that the administrator would like to give enhanced network
access temporarily to a student's browser (since it is night and the user
wants to do online gaming :)) OR give one of the student's simulation
apps enhanced CPU power.
With ability to write PIDs directly to resource classes, it's just a
matter of::
# echo pid > /sys/fs/cgroup/network/<new_class>/tasks
(after some time)
# echo pid > /sys/fs/cgroup/network/<orig_class>/tasks
Without this ability, the administrator would have to split the cgroup into
multiple separate ones and then associate the new cgroups with the
new resource classes.
1.3 How are cgroups implemented ?
---------------------------------
Control Groups extends the kernel as follows:
- Each task in the system has a reference-counted pointer to a
css_set.
- A css_set contains a set of reference-counted pointers to
cgroup_subsys_state objects, one for each cgroup subsystem
registered in the system. There is no direct link from a task to
the cgroup of which it's a member in each hierarchy, but this
can be determined by following pointers through the
cgroup_subsys_state objects. This is because accessing the
subsystem state is something that's expected to happen frequently
and in performance-critical code, whereas operations that require a
task's actual cgroup assignments (in particular, moving between
cgroups) are less common. A linked list runs through the cg_list
field of each task_struct using the css_set, anchored at
css_set->tasks.
- A cgroup hierarchy filesystem can be mounted for browsing and
manipulation from user space.
- You can list all the tasks (by PID) attached to any cgroup.
The implementation of cgroups requires a few, simple hooks
into the rest of the kernel, none in performance-critical paths:
- in init/main.c, to initialize the root cgroups and initial
css_set at system boot.
- in fork and exit, to attach and detach a task from its css_set.
In addition, a new file system of type "cgroup" may be mounted, to
enable browsing and modifying the cgroups presently known to the
kernel. When mounting a cgroup hierarchy, you may specify a
comma-separated list of subsystems to mount as the filesystem mount
options. By default, mounting the cgroup filesystem attempts to
mount a hierarchy containing all registered subsystems.
If an active hierarchy with exactly the same set of subsystems already
exists, it will be reused for the new mount. If no existing hierarchy
matches, and any of the requested subsystems are in use in an existing
hierarchy, the mount will fail with -EBUSY. Otherwise, a new hierarchy
is activated, associated with the requested subsystems.
It's not currently possible to bind a new subsystem to an active
cgroup hierarchy, or to unbind a subsystem from an active cgroup
hierarchy. This may be possible in future, but is fraught with nasty
error-recovery issues.
When a cgroup filesystem is unmounted, if there are any
child cgroups created below the top-level cgroup, that hierarchy
will remain active even though unmounted; if there are no
child cgroups then the hierarchy will be deactivated.
No new system calls are added for cgroups - all support for
querying and modifying cgroups is via this cgroup file system.
Each task under /proc has an added file named 'cgroup' displaying,
for each active hierarchy, the subsystem names and the cgroup name
as the path relative to the root of the cgroup file system.
Each cgroup is represented by a directory in the cgroup file system
containing the following files describing that cgroup:
- tasks: list of tasks (by PID) attached to that cgroup. This list
is not guaranteed to be sorted. Writing a thread ID into this file
moves the thread into this cgroup.
- cgroup.procs: list of thread group IDs in the cgroup. This list is
not guaranteed to be sorted or free of duplicate TGIDs, and userspace
should sort/uniquify the list if this property is required.
Writing a thread group ID into this file moves all threads in that
group into this cgroup.
- notify_on_release flag: run the release agent on exit?
- release_agent: the path to use for release notifications (this file
exists in the top cgroup only)
Other subsystems such as cpusets may add additional files in each
cgroup dir.
New cgroups are created using the mkdir system call or shell
command. The properties of a cgroup, such as its flags, are
modified by writing to the appropriate file in that cgroups
directory, as listed above.
The named hierarchical structure of nested cgroups allows partitioning
a large system into nested, dynamically changeable, "soft-partitions".
The attachment of each task, automatically inherited at fork by any
children of that task, to a cgroup allows organizing the work load
on a system into related sets of tasks. A task may be re-attached to
any other cgroup, if allowed by the permissions on the necessary
cgroup file system directories.
When a task is moved from one cgroup to another, it gets a new
css_set pointer - if there's an already existing css_set with the
desired collection of cgroups then that group is reused, otherwise a new
css_set is allocated. The appropriate existing css_set is located by
looking into a hash table.
To allow access from a cgroup to the css_sets (and hence tasks)
that comprise it, a set of cg_cgroup_link objects form a lattice;
each cg_cgroup_link is linked into a list of cg_cgroup_links for
a single cgroup on its cgrp_link_list field, and a list of
cg_cgroup_links for a single css_set on its cg_link_list.
Thus the set of tasks in a cgroup can be listed by iterating over
each css_set that references the cgroup, and sub-iterating over
each css_set's task set.
The use of a Linux virtual file system (vfs) to represent the
cgroup hierarchy provides for a familiar permission and name space
for cgroups, with a minimum of additional kernel code.
1.4 What does notify_on_release do ?
------------------------------------
If the notify_on_release flag is enabled (1) in a cgroup, then
whenever the last task in the cgroup leaves (exits or attaches to
some other cgroup) and the last child cgroup of that cgroup
is removed, then the kernel runs the command specified by the contents
of the "release_agent" file in that hierarchy's root directory,
supplying the pathname (relative to the mount point of the cgroup
file system) of the abandoned cgroup. This enables automatic
removal of abandoned cgroups. The default value of
notify_on_release in the root cgroup at system boot is disabled
(0). The default value of other cgroups at creation is the current
value of their parents' notify_on_release settings. The default value of
a cgroup hierarchy's release_agent path is empty.
1.5 What does clone_children do ?
---------------------------------
This flag only affects the cpuset controller. If the clone_children
flag is enabled (1) in a cgroup, a new cpuset cgroup will copy its
configuration from the parent during initialization.
1.6 How do I use cgroups ?
--------------------------
To start a new job that is to be contained within a cgroup, using
the "cpuset" cgroup subsystem, the steps are something like::
1) mount -t tmpfs cgroup_root /sys/fs/cgroup
2) mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
3) mount -t cgroup -ocpuset cpuset /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
4) Create the new cgroup by doing mkdir's and write's (or echo's) in
the /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset virtual file system.
5) Start a task that will be the "founding father" of the new job.
6) Attach that task to the new cgroup by writing its PID to the
/sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset tasks file for that cgroup.
7) fork, exec or clone the job tasks from this founding father task.
For example, the following sequence of commands will setup a cgroup
named "Charlie", containing just CPUs 2 and 3, and Memory Node 1,
and then start a subshell 'sh' in that cgroup::
mount -t tmpfs cgroup_root /sys/fs/cgroup
mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
mount -t cgroup cpuset -ocpuset /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
cd /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
mkdir Charlie
cd Charlie
/bin/echo 2-3 > cpuset.cpus
/bin/echo 1 > cpuset.mems
/bin/echo $$ > tasks
sh
# The subshell 'sh' is now running in cgroup Charlie
# The next line should display '/Charlie'
cat /proc/self/cgroup
2. Usage Examples and Syntax
============================
2.1 Basic Usage
---------------
Creating, modifying, using cgroups can be done through the cgroup
virtual filesystem.
To mount a cgroup hierarchy with all available subsystems, type::
# mount -t cgroup xxx /sys/fs/cgroup
The "xxx" is not interpreted by the cgroup code, but will appear in
/proc/mounts so may be any useful identifying string that you like.
Note: Some subsystems do not work without some user input first. For instance,
if cpusets are enabled the user will have to populate the cpus and mems files
for each new cgroup created before that group can be used.
As explained in section `1.2 Why are cgroups needed?` you should create
different hierarchies of cgroups for each single resource or group of
resources you want to control. Therefore, you should mount a tmpfs on
/sys/fs/cgroup and create directories for each cgroup resource or resource
group::
# mount -t tmpfs cgroup_root /sys/fs/cgroup
# mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
To mount a cgroup hierarchy with just the cpuset and memory
subsystems, type::
# mount -t cgroup -o cpuset,memory hier1 /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
While remounting cgroups is currently supported, it is not recommend
to use it. Remounting allows changing bound subsystems and
release_agent. Rebinding is hardly useful as it only works when the
hierarchy is empty and release_agent itself should be replaced with
conventional fsnotify. The support for remounting will be removed in
the future.
To Specify a hierarchy's release_agent::
# mount -t cgroup -o cpuset,release_agent="/sbin/cpuset_release_agent" \
xxx /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
Note that specifying 'release_agent' more than once will return failure.
Note that changing the set of subsystems is currently only supported
when the hierarchy consists of a single (root) cgroup. Supporting
the ability to arbitrarily bind/unbind subsystems from an existing
cgroup hierarchy is intended to be implemented in the future.
Then under /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1 you can find a tree that corresponds to the
tree of the cgroups in the system. For instance, /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
is the cgroup that holds the whole system.
If you want to change the value of release_agent::
# echo "/sbin/new_release_agent" > /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1/release_agent
It can also be changed via remount.
If you want to create a new cgroup under /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1::
# cd /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
# mkdir my_cgroup
Now you want to do something with this cgroup:
# cd my_cgroup
In this directory you can find several files::
# ls
cgroup.procs notify_on_release tasks
(plus whatever files added by the attached subsystems)
Now attach your shell to this cgroup::
# /bin/echo $$ > tasks
You can also create cgroups inside your cgroup by using mkdir in this
directory::
# mkdir my_sub_cs
To remove a cgroup, just use rmdir::
# rmdir my_sub_cs
This will fail if the cgroup is in use (has cgroups inside, or
has processes attached, or is held alive by other subsystem-specific
reference).
2.2 Attaching processes
-----------------------
::
# /bin/echo PID > tasks
Note that it is PID, not PIDs. You can only attach ONE task at a time.
If you have several tasks to attach, you have to do it one after another::
# /bin/echo PID1 > tasks
# /bin/echo PID2 > tasks
...
# /bin/echo PIDn > tasks
You can attach the current shell task by echoing 0::
# echo 0 > tasks
You can use the cgroup.procs file instead of the tasks file to move all
threads in a threadgroup at once. Echoing the PID of any task in a
threadgroup to cgroup.procs causes all tasks in that threadgroup to be
attached to the cgroup. Writing 0 to cgroup.procs moves all tasks
in the writing task's threadgroup.
Note: Since every task is always a member of exactly one cgroup in each
mounted hierarchy, to remove a task from its current cgroup you must
move it into a new cgroup (possibly the root cgroup) by writing to the
new cgroup's tasks file.
Note: Due to some restrictions enforced by some cgroup subsystems, moving
a process to another cgroup can fail.
2.3 Mounting hierarchies by name
--------------------------------
Passing the name=<x> option when mounting a cgroups hierarchy
associates the given name with the hierarchy. This can be used when
mounting a pre-existing hierarchy, in order to refer to it by name
rather than by its set of active subsystems. Each hierarchy is either
nameless, or has a unique name.
The name should match [\w.-]+
When passing a name=<x> option for a new hierarchy, you need to
specify subsystems manually; the legacy behaviour of mounting all
subsystems when none are explicitly specified is not supported when
you give a subsystem a name.
The name of the subsystem appears as part of the hierarchy description
in /proc/mounts and /proc/<pid>/cgroups.
3. Kernel API
=============
3.1 Overview
------------
Each kernel subsystem that wants to hook into the generic cgroup
system needs to create a cgroup_subsys object. This contains
various methods, which are callbacks from the cgroup system, along
with a subsystem ID which will be assigned by the cgroup system.
Other fields in the cgroup_subsys object include:
- subsys_id: a unique array index for the subsystem, indicating which
entry in cgroup->subsys[] this subsystem should be managing.
- name: should be initialized to a unique subsystem name. Should be
no longer than MAX_CGROUP_TYPE_NAMELEN.
- early_init: indicate if the subsystem needs early initialization
at system boot.
Each cgroup object created by the system has an array of pointers,
indexed by subsystem ID; this pointer is entirely managed by the
subsystem; the generic cgroup code will never touch this pointer.
3.2 Synchronization
-------------------
There is a global mutex, cgroup_mutex, used by the cgroup
system. This should be taken by anything that wants to modify a
cgroup. It may also be taken to prevent cgroups from being
modified, but more specific locks may be more appropriate in that
situation.
See kernel/cgroup.c for more details.
Subsystems can take/release the cgroup_mutex via the functions
cgroup_lock()/cgroup_unlock().
Accessing a task's cgroup pointer may be done in the following ways:
- while holding cgroup_mutex
- while holding the task's alloc_lock (via task_lock())
- inside an rcu_read_lock() section via rcu_dereference()
3.3 Subsystem API
-----------------
Each subsystem should:
- add an entry in linux/cgroup_subsys.h
- define a cgroup_subsys object called <name>_cgrp_subsys
Each subsystem may export the following methods. The only mandatory
methods are css_alloc/free. Any others that are null are presumed to
be successful no-ops.
``struct cgroup_subsys_state *css_alloc(struct cgroup *cgrp)``
(cgroup_mutex held by caller)
Called to allocate a subsystem state object for a cgroup. The
subsystem should allocate its subsystem state object for the passed
cgroup, returning a pointer to the new object on success or a
ERR_PTR() value. On success, the subsystem pointer should point to
a structure of type cgroup_subsys_state (typically embedded in a
larger subsystem-specific object), which will be initialized by the
cgroup system. Note that this will be called at initialization to
create the root subsystem state for this subsystem; this case can be
identified by the passed cgroup object having a NULL parent (since
it's the root of the hierarchy) and may be an appropriate place for
initialization code.
``int css_online(struct cgroup *cgrp)``
(cgroup_mutex held by caller)
Called after @cgrp successfully completed all allocations and made
visible to cgroup_for_each_child/descendant_*() iterators. The
subsystem may choose to fail creation by returning -errno. This
callback can be used to implement reliable state sharing and
propagation along the hierarchy. See the comment on
cgroup_for_each_live_descendant_pre() for details.
``void css_offline(struct cgroup *cgrp);``
(cgroup_mutex held by caller)
This is the counterpart of css_online() and called iff css_online()
has succeeded on @cgrp. This signifies the beginning of the end of
@cgrp. @cgrp is being removed and the subsystem should start dropping
all references it's holding on @cgrp. When all references are dropped,
cgroup removal will proceed to the next step - css_free(). After this
callback, @cgrp should be considered dead to the subsystem.
``void css_free(struct cgroup *cgrp)``
(cgroup_mutex held by caller)
The cgroup system is about to free @cgrp; the subsystem should free
its subsystem state object. By the time this method is called, @cgrp
is completely unused; @cgrp->parent is still valid. (Note - can also
be called for a newly-created cgroup if an error occurs after this
subsystem's create() method has been called for the new cgroup).
``int can_attach(struct cgroup *cgrp, struct cgroup_taskset *tset)``
(cgroup_mutex held by caller)
Called prior to moving one or more tasks into a cgroup; if the
subsystem returns an error, this will abort the attach operation.
@tset contains the tasks to be attached and is guaranteed to have at
least one task in it.
If there are multiple tasks in the taskset, then:
- it's guaranteed that all are from the same thread group
- @tset contains all tasks from the thread group whether or not
they're switching cgroups
- the first task is the leader
Each @tset entry also contains the task's old cgroup and tasks which
aren't switching cgroup can be skipped easily using the
cgroup_taskset_for_each() iterator. Note that this isn't called on a
fork. If this method returns 0 (success) then this should remain valid
while the caller holds cgroup_mutex and it is ensured that either
attach() or cancel_attach() will be called in future.
``void css_reset(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css)``
(cgroup_mutex held by caller)
An optional operation which should restore @css's configuration to the
initial state. This is currently only used on the unified hierarchy
when a subsystem is disabled on a cgroup through
"cgroup.subtree_control" but should remain enabled because other
subsystems depend on it. cgroup core makes such a css invisible by
removing the associated interface files and invokes this callback so
that the hidden subsystem can return to the initial neutral state.
This prevents unexpected resource control from a hidden css and
ensures that the configuration is in the initial state when it is made
visible again later.
``void cancel_attach(struct cgroup *cgrp, struct cgroup_taskset *tset)``
(cgroup_mutex held by caller)
Called when a task attach operation has failed after can_attach() has succeeded.
A subsystem whose can_attach() has some side-effects should provide this
function, so that the subsystem can implement a rollback. If not, not necessary.
This will be called only about subsystems whose can_attach() operation have
succeeded. The parameters are identical to can_attach().
``void attach(struct cgroup *cgrp, struct cgroup_taskset *tset)``
(cgroup_mutex held by caller)
Called after the task has been attached to the cgroup, to allow any
post-attachment activity that requires memory allocations or blocking.
The parameters are identical to can_attach().
``void fork(struct task_struct *task)``
Called when a task is forked into a cgroup.
``void exit(struct task_struct *task)``
Called during task exit.
``void free(struct task_struct *task)``
Called when the task_struct is freed.
``void bind(struct cgroup *root)``
(cgroup_mutex held by caller)
Called when a cgroup subsystem is rebound to a different hierarchy
and root cgroup. Currently this will only involve movement between
the default hierarchy (which never has sub-cgroups) and a hierarchy
that is being created/destroyed (and hence has no sub-cgroups).
4. Extended attribute usage
===========================
cgroup filesystem supports certain types of extended attributes in its
directories and files. The current supported types are:
- Trusted (XATTR_TRUSTED)
- Security (XATTR_SECURITY)
Both require CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability to set.
Like in tmpfs, the extended attributes in cgroup filesystem are stored
using kernel memory and it's advised to keep the usage at minimum. This
is the reason why user defined extended attributes are not supported, since
any user can do it and there's no limit in the value size.
The current known users for this feature are SELinux to limit cgroup usage
in containers and systemd for assorted meta data like main PID in a cgroup
(systemd creates a cgroup per service).
5. Questions
============
::
Q: what's up with this '/bin/echo' ?
A: bash's builtin 'echo' command does not check calls to write() against
errors. If you use it in the cgroup file system, you won't be
able to tell whether a command succeeded or failed.
Q: When I attach processes, only the first of the line gets really attached !
A: We can only return one error code per call to write(). So you should also
put only ONE PID.
3. 한국어 전문 번역
영어 원문의 문단 순서와 의미를 유지한 전체 번역입니다. 코드, 함수명, symbol과 URL은 원문 표기를 유지합니다.
Control group 정의와 기본 모델
1-82이 문서는 Paul Menage `<menage@google.com>`가 `Documentation/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.rst`를 바탕으로 작성했습니다. 원 cpusets 문서에는 BULL SA(2004), Silicon Graphics(2004-2006)의 copyright와 Paul Jackson·Christoph Lameter의 수정 기록이 있습니다.
Control Group은 task 집합과 앞으로 생길 child를 specialized behavior가 있는 hierarchical group으로 aggregate·partition하는 mechanism입니다.
Cgroup v1의 세 핵심 개념입니다.
System에는 여러 active task-cgroup hierarchy가 동시에 존재할 수 있으며 각각 전체 task의 partition입니다. User-space는 cgroup virtual filesystem instance에서 name으로 cgroup을 만들고 지우며, task assignment를 지정·조회하고 cgroup별 PID를 열거합니다. 이 조작은 해당 filesystem instance의 hierarchy에만 영향을 줍니다.
각 hierarchy는 전체 task를 독립적으로 partition합니다.
Cgroup 자체만으로는 단순 job tracking 정도에 쓰입니다. 다른 subsystem이 generic cgroup support에 hook해 accounting·resource limit 같은 새 attribute를 제공합니다. 예를 들어 cpuset은 각 cgroup task에 CPU 집합과 memory-node 집합을 연결합니다.
Cgroup 필요성과 multiple hierarchy
83-171Linux kernel에는 cpuset, CKRM/ResGroups, UserBeanCounters, virtual-server namespace처럼 resource tracking을 위한 process aggregation 시도가 여러 개 있었습니다. 모두 새 fork process가 parent와 같은 group에 들어가는 process grouping·partitioning 개념이 필요합니다.
Kernel cgroup patch는 이런 group을 효율적으로 구현하는 최소 mechanism을 제공하고 fast path 영향은 최소화하며 cpuset 같은 subsystem이 필요한 behavior를 추가할 hook을 제공합니다.
Subsystem마다 task division이 크게 다를 수 있으므로 multiple hierarchy를 지원합니다. 서로 무관한 controller를 한 tree에 강제해 복잡한 task 조합을 만드는 대신 각 hierarchy가 자연스러운 partition을 표현합니다. 극단적으로 controller마다 별도 hierarchy를 두거나 모든 subsystem을 한 hierarchy에 붙일 수 있습니다.
University server 예제는 CPU, memory, disk, network를 서로 다르게 분할합니다. CPU는 professor와 student cpuset으로 나누고 system task는 어디서나 실행하되 20% limit을 둡니다. Memory와 disk는 professor 50%, student 30%, system 20%입니다. Network는 WWW 20%, NFS 60%, 기타 20%이고 WWW 안에서 professor 15%, student 5%입니다.
As an example of a scenario (originally proposed by vatsa@in.ibm.com)
that can benefit from multiple hierarchies, consider a large
university server with various users - students, professors, system
tasks etc. The resource planning for this server could be along the
following lines::
CPU : "Top cpuset"
/ \
CPUSet1 CPUSet2
| |
(Professors) (Students)
In addition (system tasks) are attached to topcpuset (so
that they can run anywhere) with a limit of 20%
Memory : Professors (50%), Students (30%), system (20%)
Disk : Professors (50%), Students (30%), system (20%)
Network : WWW browsing (20%), Network File System (60%), others (20%)
/ \
Professors (15%) students (5%)
Browsers like Firefox/Lynx go into the WWW network class, while (k)nfsd goes
into the NFS network class.
같은 task를 resource마다 다른 hierarchy로 분류하는 예제입니다.
Firefox/Lynx는 WWW network class에, `(k)nfsd`는 NFS class에 들어갑니다. 동시에 browser는 실행한 사람이 professor인지 student인지에 따라 적절한 CPU·memory class를 공유합니다.
Resource subsystem을 다른 hierarchy에 두면 administrator script가 exec notification을 받아 launcher에 따라 browser PID를 해당 resource/user class의 `tasks` file에 쓸 수 있습니다. 단일 hierarchy만 있으면 browser마다 별도 cgroup을 만들고 network와 다른 resource class 조합을 연결해야 해 cgroup이 급증할 수 있습니다.
With the ability to classify tasks differently for different resources
(by putting those resource subsystems in different hierarchies),
the admin can easily set up a script which receives exec notifications
and depending on who is launching the browser he can::
# echo browser_pid > /sys/fs/cgroup/<restype>/<userclass>/tasks
With only a single hierarchy, he now would potentially have to create
a separate cgroup for every browser launched and associate it with
appropriate network and other resource class. This may lead to
proliferation of such cgroups.
Student browser에 일시적으로 더 많은 network를 주거나 simulation app에 더 많은 CPU를 주려면 PID를 새 resource class로 옮겼다가 원래 class로 돌리면 됩니다. 이 기능이 없으면 cgroup을 여러 개로 split하고 새 resource class와 연결해야 합니다.
Also let's say that the administrator would like to give enhanced network
access temporarily to a student's browser (since it is night and the user
wants to do online gaming :)) OR give one of the student's simulation
apps enhanced CPU power.
With ability to write PIDs directly to resource classes, it's just a
matter of::
# echo pid > /sys/fs/cgroup/network/<new_class>/tasks
(after some time)
# echo pid > /sys/fs/cgroup/network/<orig_class>/tasks
Without this ability, the administrator would have to split the cgroup into
multiple separate ones and then associate the new cgroups with the
new resource classes.
한 hierarchy의 membership만 바꾸고 다른 resource 분류는 유지합니다.
Kernel 구현과 filesystem representation
172-287각 task는 reference-counted `css_set` pointer를 갖습니다. `css_set`은 등록된 cgroup subsystem마다 하나씩 reference-counted `cgroup_subsys_state` pointer 집합을 가집니다.
Task에서 각 hierarchy의 cgroup으로 직접 가는 link는 없고 subsystem-state pointer를 따라 assignment를 찾습니다. Performance-critical code에서는 subsystem state를 자주 접근하지만 실제 cgroup assignment와 move는 드물기 때문입니다. 각 `task_struct`의 `cg_list`를 잇는 linked list가 `css_set->tasks`에 anchor됩니다.
Fast subsystem-state lookup과 task enumeration을 위한 indirection입니다.
User space는 mounted cgroup hierarchy filesystem을 browse·manipulate하고 어느 cgroup에 붙은 task PID도 열거할 수 있습니다. Kernel hook은 root cgroup·initial css_set boot initialization(`init/main.c`)과 fork/exit의 css_set attach/detach 정도이며 performance-critical path에는 없습니다.
`cgroup` type filesystem mount option에 comma-separated subsystem 목록을 지정합니다. 생략하면 등록된 모든 subsystem을 포함하려고 합니다. 같은 subsystem set의 active hierarchy가 있으면 새 mount가 reuse합니다. 일치하는 hierarchy가 없고 요청 subsystem 중 하나가 다른 hierarchy에서 사용 중이면 `-EBUSY`로 실패하며, 아니면 새 hierarchy를 활성화합니다.
Requested subsystem set의 기존 binding 상태로 mount 결과가 결정됩니다.
현재 active hierarchy에 새 subsystem을 bind하거나 unbind할 수 없습니다. Error recovery가 어렵기 때문입니다. Filesystem을 unmount할 때 top-level 아래 child cgroup이 있으면 hierarchy는 unmounted 상태로 active를 유지하고, child가 없으면 deactivate됩니다.
Cgroup은 새 system call을 추가하지 않으며 query·modify는 모두 cgroup filesystem을 통합니다. `/proc/<task>/cgroup`은 active hierarchy마다 subsystem name과 filesystem root 기준 cgroup path를 표시합니다.
각 cgroup directory의 generic interface입니다.
Cpuset 같은 subsystem은 각 directory에 file을 추가할 수 있습니다. `mkdir`로 새 cgroup을 만들고 해당 file에 써 flag·property를 바꿉니다. Nested named tree는 큰 system을 동적으로 바뀌는 soft partition으로 나눕니다.
Task의 cgroup attachment는 fork child가 자동 상속하며 permission이 허용하면 다른 cgroup으로 옮길 수 있습니다. Move 시 원하는 cgroup 조합의 기존 `css_set`을 hash table에서 찾아 reuse하거나 새로 allocate해 task pointer를 바꿉니다.
Cgroup에서 구성 `css_set`과 task에 접근하도록 `cg_cgroup_link` lattice를 사용합니다. Link는 한 cgroup의 `cgrp_link_list`와 한 css_set의 `cg_link_list` 양쪽에 연결됩니다. Cgroup task 목록은 해당 cgroup을 참조하는 css_set을 순회하고 각 css_set task set을 다시 순회해 얻습니다. VFS 표현은 익숙한 permission·namespace를 최소 kernel code로 제공합니다.
Hash reuse와 bidirectional link lattice의 역할입니다.
Release notification·clone_children·cpuset job
288-344Cgroup에서 `notify_on_release=1`이면 마지막 task가 exit하거나 다른 cgroup으로 이동하고 마지막 child cgroup도 제거될 때 kernel이 hierarchy root의 `release_agent` command를 실행합니다. Mount point 기준 abandoned cgroup relative path를 argument로 넘겨 자동 제거를 가능하게 합니다.
Boot 시 root cgroup의 `notify_on_release` default는 0입니다. 새 child cgroup은 생성 시 parent의 현재 setting을 상속합니다. Hierarchy의 `release_agent` path default는 empty입니다.
Task와 child가 모두 사라진 cgroup만 release notification 대상입니다.
`clone_children`은 cpuset controller에만 영향을 줍니다. Parent cgroup에서 1이면 새 cpuset cgroup이 initialization 때 parent configuration을 copy합니다.
Creation 때 parent에서 가져오는 설정입니다.
Cpuset cgroup 안에서 새 job을 시작하려면 tmpfs와 cpuset hierarchy를 mount하고, directory/file write로 cgroup을 만들고, founding task를 시작해 PID를 `tasks`에 쓴 뒤 그 task에서 job process를 fork·exec·clone합니다.
1.6 How do I use cgroups ?
--------------------------
To start a new job that is to be contained within a cgroup, using
the "cpuset" cgroup subsystem, the steps are something like::
1) mount -t tmpfs cgroup_root /sys/fs/cgroup
2) mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
3) mount -t cgroup -ocpuset cpuset /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
4) Create the new cgroup by doing mkdir's and write's (or echo's) in
the /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset virtual file system.
5) Start a task that will be the "founding father" of the new job.
6) Attach that task to the new cgroup by writing its PID to the
/sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset tasks file for that cgroup.
7) fork, exec or clone the job tasks from this founding father task.
예제는 CPU 2-3과 memory node 1만 갖는 `Charlie` cgroup을 만들고 현재 shell을 붙인 뒤 subshell을 시작합니다. `/proc/self/cgroup`은 `/Charlie`를 보여야 합니다.
For example, the following sequence of commands will setup a cgroup
named "Charlie", containing just CPUs 2 and 3, and Memory Node 1,
and then start a subshell 'sh' in that cgroup::
mount -t tmpfs cgroup_root /sys/fs/cgroup
mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
mount -t cgroup cpuset -ocpuset /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
cd /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
mkdir Charlie
cd Charlie
/bin/echo 2-3 > cpuset.cpus
/bin/echo 1 > cpuset.mems
/bin/echo $$ > tasks
sh
# The subshell 'sh' is now running in cgroup Charlie
# The next line should display '/Charlie'
cat /proc/self/cgroup
Founding task의 child가 membership을 상속합니다.
Filesystem mount와 cgroup lifecycle
345-439Cgroup 생성·수정·사용은 virtual filesystem으로 수행합니다. 모든 available subsystem hierarchy를 mount할 때 source 이름 `xxx`는 cgroup code가 해석하지 않으며 `/proc/mounts`에 표시되는 식별 문자열일 뿐입니다.
Creating, modifying, using cgroups can be done through the cgroup
virtual filesystem.
To mount a cgroup hierarchy with all available subsystems, type::
# mount -t cgroup xxx /sys/fs/cgroup
The "xxx" is not interpreted by the cgroup code, but will appear in
/proc/mounts so may be any useful identifying string that you like.
일부 subsystem은 먼저 user input이 필요합니다. 예를 들어 cpuset은 새 cgroup을 사용하기 전에 `cpus`와 `mems` file을 채워야 합니다. Resource 또는 resource group마다 별도 hierarchy를 만들기 위해 `/sys/fs/cgroup`에 tmpfs를 mount하고 directory를 만듭니다.
Note: Some subsystems do not work without some user input first. For instance,
if cpusets are enabled the user will have to populate the cpus and mems files
for each new cgroup created before that group can be used.
As explained in section `1.2 Why are cgroups needed?` you should create
different hierarchies of cgroups for each single resource or group of
resources you want to control. Therefore, you should mount a tmpfs on
/sys/fs/cgroup and create directories for each cgroup resource or resource
group::
# mount -t tmpfs cgroup_root /sys/fs/cgroup
# mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
To mount a cgroup hierarchy with just the cpuset and memory
subsystems, type::
# mount -t cgroup -o cpuset,memory hier1 /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
Cpuset과 memory만 포함하는 hierarchy는 `-o cpuset,memory`로 mount합니다. Remount는 지원되지만 권장하지 않습니다. Bound subsystem과 release_agent를 바꿀 수 있으나 rebinding은 empty hierarchy에서만 되고 release_agent는 fsnotify로 대체해야 하므로 remount support는 미래에 제거될 예정입니다.
Mount option으로 `release_agent` path를 지정할 수 있지만 두 번 이상 지정하면 실패합니다. Subsystem set 변경은 hierarchy가 root cgroup 하나로만 구성될 때만 지원됩니다.
To Specify a hierarchy's release_agent::
# mount -t cgroup -o cpuset,release_agent="/sbin/cpuset_release_agent" \
xxx /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
Note that specifying 'release_agent' more than once will return failure.
Note that changing the set of subsystems is currently only supported
when the hierarchy consists of a single (root) cgroup. Supporting
the ability to arbitrarily bind/unbind subsystems from an existing
cgroup hierarchy is intended to be implemented in the future.
Mount point 아래 tree가 system cgroup tree와 대응하며 mount root는 system 전체를 담습니다. `release_agent` file에 새 path를 써 값을 바꾸거나 remount로 변경할 수 있습니다.
Then under /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1 you can find a tree that corresponds to the
tree of the cgroups in the system. For instance, /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
is the cgroup that holds the whole system.
If you want to change the value of release_agent::
# echo "/sbin/new_release_agent" > /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1/release_agent
It can also be changed via remount.
`mkdir my_cgroup`으로 child를 만들고 directory의 generic·subsystem file을 사용합니다. 현재 shell의 PID `$$`를 `tasks`에 써 attach하고 안에서 다시 `mkdir`해 nested cgroup을 만들 수 있습니다.
If you want to create a new cgroup under /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1::
# cd /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
# mkdir my_cgroup
Now you want to do something with this cgroup:
# cd my_cgroup
In this directory you can find several files::
# ls
cgroup.procs notify_on_release tasks
(plus whatever files added by the attached subsystems)
Now attach your shell to this cgroup::
# /bin/echo $$ > tasks
You can also create cgroups inside your cgroup by using mkdir in this
directory::
# mkdir my_sub_cs
`rmdir`로 cgroup을 제거합니다. Child cgroup이나 attached process가 있거나 subsystem-specific reference가 살아 있으면 실패합니다.
To remove a cgroup, just use rmdir::
# rmdir my_sub_cs
This will fail if the cgroup is in use (has cgroups inside, or
has processes attached, or is held alive by other subsystem-specific
reference).
Hierarchy mount부터 child 사용·제거까지의 기본 순서입니다.
Process attach와 named hierarchy
440-492`tasks`에는 PID 하나만 쓸 수 있습니다. 여러 task를 붙이려면 한 번에 하나씩 각각 write합니다. 현재 shell task는 0을 써 attach할 수 있습니다.
::
# /bin/echo PID > tasks
Note that it is PID, not PIDs. You can only attach ONE task at a time.
If you have several tasks to attach, you have to do it one after another::
# /bin/echo PID1 > tasks
# /bin/echo PID2 > tasks
...
# /bin/echo PIDn > tasks
You can attach the current shell task by echoing 0::
# echo 0 > tasks
Thread 하나와 thread group 전체를 옮기는 interface 차이입니다.
`cgroup.procs`에 thread group의 어느 task PID를 써도 group의 모든 thread를 이동합니다. 모든 task는 mounted hierarchy마다 정확히 한 cgroup의 member이므로 현재 cgroup에서 제거한다는 것은 새 cgroup, 필요하면 root cgroup의 `tasks` file에 써서 이동하는 것입니다. Subsystem restriction 때문에 move가 실패할 수 있습니다.
Hierarchy mount에 `name=<x>`를 넘기면 이름을 연결합니다. 기존 hierarchy를 active subsystem set 대신 name으로 mount할 때 유용합니다. Hierarchy는 nameless이거나 unique name 하나를 가지며 name은 `[\w.-]+`와 일치해야 합니다.
새 named hierarchy에는 subsystem을 직접 지정해야 합니다. Name을 주면서 subsystem을 생략했을 때 모든 subsystem을 mount하는 legacy behavior는 지원하지 않습니다. Hierarchy name은 `/proc/mounts`와 `/proc/<pid>/cgroups` description에 나타납니다.
Name은 subsystem set 대신 기존 hierarchy를 식별할 수 있습니다.
Kernel API object와 synchronization
493-537Generic cgroup system에 hook할 kernel subsystem은 `cgroup_subsys` object를 만듭니다. 이 object에는 cgroup callback method와 cgroup system이 할당하는 subsystem ID가 들어 있습니다.
Subsystem identity와 initialization metadata입니다.
각 cgroup object는 subsystem ID로 index한 pointer array를 갖습니다. 해당 pointer는 subsystem이 완전히 관리하며 generic cgroup code는 건드리지 않습니다.
Global `cgroup_mutex`는 cgroup 수정 시 반드시 잡습니다. 수정 방지 목적으로도 사용할 수 있지만 더 구체적인 lock이 적절할 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 `kernel/cgroup.c`에 있으며 subsystem은 `cgroup_lock()`·`cgroup_unlock()`으로 mutex를 잡고 풉니다.
Task의 cgroup pointer를 접근할 수 있는 세 synchronization context입니다.
Subsystem 등록과 css lifecycle callback
538-593각 subsystem은 `linux/cgroup_subsys.h`에 entry를 추가하고 `<name>_cgrp_subsys`라는 `cgroup_subsys` object를 정의합니다. `css_alloc`·`css_free`만 mandatory이며 null인 다른 method는 성공하는 no-op으로 간주합니다.
Cgroup subsystem state의 생성·online·offline·free 단계입니다.
`css_alloc()` caller는 `cgroup_mutex`를 잡고 있습니다. Subsystem-specific object 안에 보통 embed된 `cgroup_subsys_state`를 allocate해 반환하고 cgroup core가 initialize합니다. Root cgroup은 parent가 NULL이므로 subsystem root initialization을 수행할 수 있습니다.
`css_online()`은 모든 allocation이 끝나고 `cgroup_for_each_child/descendant_*()` iterator에 visible해진 뒤 호출합니다. Error를 반환해 creation을 실패시킬 수 있으며 hierarchy의 reliable state sharing·propagation에 사용할 수 있습니다. Creation과 destruction race를 피해야 하는 경우에는 `cgroup_for_each_live_descendant_pre()`를 사용합니다.
`css_offline()`은 online의 counterpart로 removal 시작을 알리고 subsystem이 가진 reference를 drop하게 합니다. 모두 사라지면 `css_free()`로 진행합니다. `css_free()` 시점에는 cgroup이 완전히 unused이고 parent는 아직 valid합니다.
Allocation 성공 뒤 visibility와 teardown 순서입니다.
Task attach·reset callback
594-644`can_attach(cgrp, tset)`은 하나 이상의 task를 cgroup으로 옮기기 전에 호출합니다. Error를 반환하면 attach를 중단합니다. 여러 task라면 모두 같은 thread group이고, 이동 여부와 관계없이 group의 모든 task가 포함되며 첫 task가 leader입니다.
각 taskset entry에는 old cgroup도 들어 있습니다. `cgroup_taskset_for_each()`로 실제로 이동하지 않는 task를 건너뛸 수 있습니다. Fork에서는 호출하지 않습니다. 0을 반환하면 caller가 `cgroup_mutex`를 잡는 동안 결과가 valid하며 이후 `attach()` 또는 `cancel_attach()` 중 하나가 호출됩니다.
`css_reset(css)`는 optional callback으로 configuration을 initial state로 되돌립니다. Unified hierarchy의 `cgroup.subtree_control`에서 disable됐지만 다른 subsystem dependency 때문에 실제 disable할 수 없는 hidden subsystem에 사용합니다. Core가 interface file을 제거해 css를 invisible하게 하고 reset을 호출해 neutral state로 만들어 hidden resource control을 막고, 나중에 다시 visible할 때 초기 configuration을 보장합니다.
Pre-check, rollback, completion의 contract입니다.
`cancel_attach()`는 successful `can_attach()` 뒤 전체 attach가 실패했을 때 같은 parameter로 호출합니다. Side effect가 있는 subsystem만 rollback을 구현하면 됩니다. `attach()`는 task 이동 뒤 memory allocation이나 blocking이 필요한 post-attachment 작업을 수행합니다.
모든 subsystem pre-check 성공 여부에 따라 commit 또는 rollback합니다.
Task event와 hierarchy bind callback
645-664`fork(task)`는 task가 cgroup 안에서 fork될 때, `exit(task)`는 task exit 중, `free(task)`는 `task_struct`를 free할 때 호출합니다.
`bind(root)`는 cgroup subsystem이 다른 hierarchy와 root cgroup으로 rebind될 때 호출하며 caller가 `cgroup_mutex`를 잡습니다. 현재는 sub-cgroup이 절대 없는 default hierarchy와 생성·삭제 중이라 sub-cgroup이 없는 hierarchy 사이의 이동만 포함합니다.
Lifecycle event별 subsystem hook입니다.
Cgroup filesystem extended attribute
665-684Cgroup filesystem directory와 file은 Trusted(`XATTR_TRUSTED`)와 Security(`XATTR_SECURITY`) extended attribute를 지원합니다. 둘 다 set하려면 `CAP_SYS_ADMIN` capability가 필요합니다.
Tmpfs처럼 xattr은 kernel memory에 저장되므로 사용량을 최소화하는 것이 좋습니다. 누구나 만들 수 있고 value-size limit이 없는 user-defined xattr은 지원하지 않습니다.
알려진 사용자는 container의 cgroup 사용을 제한하는 SELinux와 service마다 cgroup을 만들고 main PID 같은 metadata를 저장하는 systemd입니다.
지원 namespace와 memory·permission 제약입니다.
자주 묻는 질문
685-697예제에서 `/bin/echo`를 쓰는 이유는 Bash builtin `echo`가 `write()` error를 검사하지 않기 때문입니다. Builtin을 cgroup filesystem에 쓰면 command 성공·실패를 알 수 없습니다.
여러 PID를 한 줄에 써도 첫 task만 attach되는 이유는 `write()` 호출 하나당 error code 하나만 반환할 수 있기 때문입니다. 한 번에 PID 하나만 써야 합니다.
Filesystem write 결과를 신뢰하기 위한 규칙입니다.
Model and implementation
cgroups.rst:1-287Cgroup·subsystem·hierarchy 정의, multiple hierarchy 이유와 css_set/VFS 구현을 설명합니다.